TABLE 1.
Differential gut microbiota between patients with different progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
| Patients | Composition | Sex (female/male) | Age (years) | Sequencing method | Phylum | Family | Genus | References |
| NAFLD vs. healthy controls (HC) | 39 participants including 13 NAFLD patients and 26 HC | NAFLD: 7/6 HC: 12/14 |
NAFLD: 13.6 ± 3.0 HC: 13.3 ± 2.7 |
16S rRNA | Epsilonproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria↑ | / | Prevotella↑ | Michail et al., 2015 |
| NAFLD vs. HC | 72 participants including 18 NAFLD patients and 54 HC | NAFLD: 12/6 HC: 39/15 | NAFLD: 54.0 ± 14.9 HC: 45.9 ± 19.9 |
16S rRNA | / | Rikenellaceae, Mogibacterium, Peptostreptococcaceae↓ | Streptococcus, Bacillus, Lactococcus↑ and Catenibacterium, Pseudomonas↓ | Caussy et al., 2019 |
| NAFLD vs. HC | 85 participants including 53 NAFLD patients and 32 HC | NAFLD: 27/26 HC: 27/5 |
NAFLD: 48 (22–72) HC: 41 (26–52) |
16S rRNA | Lentisphaerae↓ | Ruminococcaceae↓ | Alternatively, Escherichia, Anaerobacter, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Clostridium XI? and Alistipes, Prevotella, Oscillibacter, Odoribacter, Flavonifractor↓ | Jiang et al., 2015 |
| NAFLD vs. HC | 60 participants including 30 NAFLD patients and 30 HC | NAFLD: 17/13 HC: 17/13 |
NAFLD: 49 (34–57) HC: 51 (47–56) |
Multitag pyrosequencing | Lachnospiraceae↑ and Ruminococcaceae ↓ | / | Lactobacillus, Dorea, Robinsoniella, Roseburia↑ and Oscillibacter ↓ | Raman et al., 2013 |
| NAFLD vs. HC | 126 participants including 43 NAFLD patients and 83 HC | NAFLD: 7/36 HC: 13/70 |
NAFLD: 47 (34.5–61.0) HC: 40.5 (33.0–52.0) |
16S rRNA | Bacteroidetes↑ and Firmicutes↓ | / | Coprococcu, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Moryella, Roseburia, Anaerosporobacter, Anaerotruncus, Ruminococcus, Lactobacillus↓ | Wang et al., 2016 |
| NAFLD vs. HC | 81 participants including 27 NAFLD patients and 54 HC | NAFLD: 6/21 HC: 31/23 |
NAFLD: 12.04 ± 2.78 HC: 10.24 ± 2.51 |
16S rRNA | Actinobacteria↑ and Bacteroidetes↓ | Rikenellaceae↓ | Bradyrhizobium, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Propionibacterium acnes, Dorea, Ruminococcus↑ and Oscillospira↓ | Del Chierico et al., 2017 |
| NAFLD vs. HC | 47 participants including 25 NAFLD patients and 22 HC | NAFLD: 6/19 HC: 5/17 |
NAFLD: 45.5 ± 10.1 HC: 50.5 ± 9.5 |
16S rDNA | Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria↑ and Bacteroidetes↓ | Lachnospiraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Streptococcaceae↑ and Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae↓ | Escherichia Shigella, Lachnospiraceae Incertae Sedis, Blautia↑ and Prevotella↓ | Shen et al., 2017 |
| NASH vs. HC | 38 participants including 16 NASH patients and 22 HC | NASH: 7/9 HC: 13/9 |
NASH: 51 ± 9 HC: 44 ± 10 |
16S rRNA | / | / | Parabacteroides, Allisonella↑ and Faecalibacterium, Anaerosporobacter↓ | Wong et al., 2013 |
| NASH vs. HC | 39 participants including 22 NASH patients and 17 HC | NASH: 12/10 HC: 7/10 |
NASH: 47 (29–68) HC: 36 (23–58) |
qPCR | Percentage of Bacteroidetes↓ | / | / | Mouzaki et al., 2013 |
| NASH vs. HC | 80 participants including 26 NASH patients and 54 HC | NASH: 15/11 HC: 31/23 |
NASH: 12.27 ± 2.47 HC: 10.24 ± 2.51 |
16S rRNA | / | / | Dorea, Ruminococcus, Blautia↑ and Oscillospira↓ | Del Chierico et al., 2017 |
| NASH vs. HC | 28 participants including 6 NASH patients and 22 HC | NASH: not listed HC: 5/17 |
NASH: not listed HC: 50.5 ± 9.5 |
16S rDNA | / | Lachnospiraceae↑ | Blautia↑ | Shen et al., 2017 |
| NASH vs. HC | 38 participants including 22 NASH patients and 16 HC | NASH: 10/13 HC: 6/10 |
NASH: 13.6 ± 3.5 HC: 14.4 ± 1.8 |
16S rRNA | Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria↑ and Firmicutes↓ | Prevotellaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Enterobacteriaceae↑ and Bifidobacteriaceae, Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae↓ | Prevotella, Peptoniphilus↑ and Bifidobacterium, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Alistipes, Blautia, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus↓ | Zhu et al., 2013 |
| NASH vs. HC | 30 participants including 10 NASH and 20 HC | NASH: 4/6 HC: 7/13 |
NASH: 61 (52–70) HC: 55 (47–64) |
16S rRNA | / | / |
Bacteroides↑ and Prevotella↓ |
Boursier et al., 2016 |
| Fibrosis vs. HC | 47 participants including 27 fibrosis patients and 20 HC | Fibrosis: 12/15 HC: 7/13 |
Fibrosis: 62 (56–67) HC: 55 (47–64) |
16S rRNA | / | / | Ruminococcus, Bacteroides↑ and Prevotella↓ | Boursier et al., 2016 |
| Fibrosis vs. NAFLD | 86 participants including 14 fibrosis patients and 72 NAFLD patients | Fibrosis: 12/2 NAFLD: 36/36 |
Fibrosis: 63.4 ± 3 NAFLD: 49.3 ± 12.6 |
Whole-genome shotgun sequencing |
Proteobacteria↑ and Firmicutes↓ |
/ | / | Loomba et al., 2017 |
| Cirrhosis vs. HC | 80 participants including 26 cirrhotic patients and 54 HC | Cirrhosis: 20/6 HC: 39/15 |
Cirrhosis: 65.1 ± 9.8 HC: 45.9 ± 19.9 |
16S rRNA | / | Enterobacteriaceae↑ and Rikenellaceae, Mogibacterium, Peptostreptococcaceae↓ | Streptococcus, Megasphaera, Gallibacterium↑ and Catenibacterium, Pseudomonas↓ | Caussy et al., 2019 |
| Cirrhosis vs. HC | 181 participants including 98 cirrhotic patients and 83 HC | Cirrhosis: 33/65 HC: 35/48 |
Cirrhosis: 50 ± 11 HC: 42 ± 9 |
/ |
Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria↑ and Bacteroidetes↓ |
/ | Veillonella, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Prevotella↑ and Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Alistipes↓ | Qin et al., 2014 |
| Cirrhosis vs. HC | 61 participants including 47 cirrhotic patients and 14 HC | Early cirrhosis: 6/17 Advanced cirrhosis: 4/20 HC: 4/10 |
Early cirrhosis: 55 ± 2 Advanced cirrhosis: 54 ± 5 HC: 52 ± 5 |
Multi-tagged pyrosequencing | / | Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae↑ and Lachonospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae↓ | Blautia↓ | Kakiyama et al., 2013 |
| Cirrhosis vs. HC | 60 participants including 36 cirrhotic patients and 24 HC | Cirrhosis: 11/25 HC: 10/14 |
Cirrhosis: 49 ± 11 HC: 46 ± 8 |
16S rRNA | Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria↑ and Bacteroidetes↓ | Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae, Streptococcaceae↑ and Lachnospiraceae↓ | / | Chen et al., 2011 |
| Cirrhosis vs. HC | 244 participants including 219 cirrhotic patients and 25 HC | Compensated Outpatients: 92/29 Decompensated Outpatients: 40/14 Inpatients: 31/13 HC: 17/8 |
Compensated Outpatients: 57.5 ± 6.1 Decompensated Outpatients: 56.8 ± 6.8 Inpatients: 55.9 ± 6.7 HC: 55.7 ± 8.5 |
Multi-tagged pyrosequencing | / | Staphylococcae, Enterococceae, Enterobacteriaceae↑ and Clostridiales XIV, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Rikenellaceae↓ | / | Bajaj et al., 2014 |
| Cirrhosis vs. HC | 58 participants including 30 cirrhotic patients and 28 HC | Cirrhosis: 7/23 HC: 6/22 |
Cirrhosis: 49 ± 8 HC: 52 ± 9 |
16S rRNA | / | / | Veillonella, Megasphaera, Dialister, Atopobium, Prevotella↑ and Neisseria, Haemophilus, SR1 genera incertae sedis↓ | Chen et al., 2016 |
| Cirrhosis vs. HC | 40 participants including 20 cirrhotic patients and 20 HC | Cirrhosis: 8/12 HC: 11/9 |
Cirrhosis: 60.62 ± 10.46 HC: 60 ± 14 |
16S rRNA |
Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria↑ and Verrucomicrobia, Tenericutes, Euryarchaeota↓ |
Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Pasteurellaceae, Rikenellaceae, Prevotellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Barnesillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, Veillonellaceae↑ and Verrucomicrobiaceae, Methanobacteriaceae↓ | Lactobacillus, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Prevotella, Parabacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, Veillonella, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Atopobium, Dialister, Ruminococcus, Christensenella↑ and Akkermansia, Methanobrevibacter↓ | Ponziani et al., 2019 |
| HCC vs. Cirrhosis | 41 participants including 21 HCC patients and 20 cirrhotic patients | HCC: 3/18 Cirrhosis: 8/12 |
HCC: 66.38 ± 6.67 Cirrhosis: 60.62 ± 10.46 |
16S rRNA | Bacteroidetes↑ | Bacteroidaceae, Streptococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, Gemellaceae↑ and Verrucomicrobiaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae↓ | Phascolarctobcterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Gemella, Bilophila↑ and Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Dialister, Collinsella, Adlercreutzia↓ | Ponziani et al., 2019 |