Table 2.

Seminal experimental studies, with a primary objective of GBM-associated epilepsy investigation.

Study	Model type	Time course	Chronic EEG?	Seizure frequency	Semiology	Spreading depolarizations?	Additional imaging?
Köhling et al. (2006)	Allograft transplant: C6 cells, Wistar rats	nd	Y	nd	EEG: spike wave discharges	nd	N
Buckingham et al. (2011)	PDX transplant into SCID mice	nd	Y	In vivo: Average 2.5–6.5 events/hour	EEG: spontaneous epileptiform activity. Freezing behavior, facial automatisms, head tremor	nd	N
Campbell et al. (2012)	PDX transplant into SCID mice	21 days	N (in vitro only)	In vitro: 3.7 ± 0.6 events/min	nd	nd	N
Campbell et al. (2015)	PDX transplant into SCID mice	14–28 days	Y	In vivo:1 ± 0.3 events/day	EEG: spontaneous epileptiform activity. Freezing behavior, facial automatisms, head tremor	nd	N
MacKenzie et al. (2016)	Xenograft transplant: C6 cells, nude mice	21 days	Y	In vivo:11.0–18.7 events/week	EEG: spontaneous epileptiform activity.	nd	N
Bouckaert et al. (2020)	Allograft transplant: F98 cells, Fischer rats	21 days	Y	nd	EEG: spontaneous epileptiform activity. Ranging from non-convulsive to GTC seizures.	Y: seen in filtered trace, not acknowledged	Y—MRI
Hatcher et al. (2020)	Genetic: CRISPR Cas9-based IUE (deletion of Pten, Trp53, Nf1)	80 days	Y	In vivo: Day 80: 3.7–63.6 events/hour	EEG: spontaneous epileptiform activity, i.e., cortical spike discharges. GTC seizures (day 80).	Y	Y—Calcium imaging

PDX, patient-derived xenograft; IUE, in-utero electroporation; EEG, electroencephalography; GTC, generalized tonic clonic; nd, not disclosed.