Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses of variables associated with the infection, adjusted and non-adjusted for socio-demographic factors, socio-economic status and environmental factors. OR: Odd ratio; CI: confidence interval.
| Variable | Total | Positive (%) | Crude OR |
Adjusted OR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||
| Socio-demographic factors | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 5–8 | 2579 | 5.78 | 1 | 1 |
| 9–11 | 1596 | 7.58 | 1.34 (1.04–1.72) | 1.30 (0.94–1.81) |
| 12–14 | 1339 | 9.11 | 1.63 (1.27–2.10)⁎ | 1.68 (1.21–2.33)⁎ |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 2324 | 6.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Male | 3190 | 7.65 | 1.23 (0.98–1.50) | 1.14 (0.86–1.50) |
| Socio-economic factors | ||||
| Father's educational status | ||||
| Illiterate | 843 | 5.34 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary school | 3346 | 7.5 | 1.44 (1.04–1.99) | 1.63 (1.01–2.45)⁎ |
| Secondary school | 1169 | 7.53 | 1.44 (1.00–2.09) | 1.28 (0.80–2.05) |
| Tertiary school | 156 | 5.13 | 0.96 (0.44–2.07) | 0.95 (0.36–2.47) |
| Mother's educational status | ||||
| Illiterate | 538 | 6.32 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary school | 2887 | 6.58 | 1.04 (0.72–1.52) | 1.14 (0.71–1.85) |
| Secondary school | 2039 | 7.95 | 1.23 (0.87–1.87) | 1.39 (0.85–2.27) |
| Tertiary school | 50 | 12 | 2.02 (0.80–5.08) | 2.01 (0.63–6.45) |
| Father's occupation | ||||
| Peasant farmer | 3925 | 6.93 | 1 | 1 |
| Petty trader | 991 | 7.47 | 1.08 (0.83–1.41) | 1.24 (0.87–1.76) |
| Fisherman | 214 | 8.41 | 1.23 (0.75–2.03) | 1.14 (0.60–2.19) |
| Civil service | 383 | 7.31 | 1.06 (0.71–1.59) | 1.13 (0.67–1.93) |
| Mother's occupation | ||||
| Peasant farmer | 3643 | 7.05 | 1 | 1 |
| Petty trader | 1647 | 6.92 | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | 0.77 (0.73–1.04) |
| Housewife | 92 | 7.61 | 1.09 (0.50–2.34) | 1.10 (0.38–3.10) |
| Civil service | 132 | 10.61 | 1.56 (0.88–2.76) | 1.52 (0.74–3.12) |
| Sociocultural factors | ||||
| Using borehole water | ||||
| No | 3003 | 7.89 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 2511 | 6.17 | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 0.80 (0.61–1.05) |
| Using river/stream water | ||||
| No | 1917 | 2.4 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 3597 | 9.62 | 4.33 (3.17–5.92)⁎ | 4.92 (3.34–7.24)⁎ |
| Washing/ swimming in river/stream water | ||||
| No | 3500 | 0.6 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 2014 | 18.42 | 37.41 (24.0–58.29)⁎ | 46.49 (27.64–78.19)⁎ |
| Fishing in freshwater | ||||
| No | 4776 | 3.62 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 738 | 29.67 | 11.23 (9.02–13.98)⁎ | 11.57 (8.74–15.32)⁎ |
⁎
Significant P-value < 0.05, p-value obtained from multivariate logistic regression with fixed effects for all explanatory variables.