Table 1.
miRNAs exhibiting anti-HIV-1 activity.
| microRNA | Mechanism | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Cellular microRNAs | ||
| miR-155 44 | Targets various HDFs: ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 (ADAM10) Nucleoporin Mr 153,000 (Nup153) Transportin 3 (TNPO3) Lens epithelium derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) |
Repression of all these HDFs hinders HIV-1 import and integration |
| miR-326 25 | Dicer–dependent | Restricts viral replication |
| miR-126 45 | Regulates expression of TLR9 and TLR7 Regulates pDC homeostasis and survival |
Helps in type 1 IFN-mediated innate immune response |
| miR- 20a 46 miR-17-5p 46 | P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) | Hinders Tat-mediated LTR activation and inhibits viral replication |
| miR-29 25,31 | Targets HIV Nef gene | Interfere with viral replication |
| miR-149 25 | Targets HIV Vpr protein | Inhibiting viral infection |
| miR-1236 47 | Targets Vpr-binding protein | Inhibits Vpr-mediated cell cycle arrest and viral replication |
| miR-198 48 miR-27b 48 | Targets a Tat cofactor, Cyclin-T1 | Inhibits HIV-1 via repression of cyclin-T1 |
| miR-191-5p 49 | Targets and inhibits expression of CCR1 and NUP50 | Inhibits viral replication via target repression. |
| miR-28 29,50 miR-125b 29,50 miR-150 29,50 miR-223 29,50 miR-382-5p 29,50 | Target the 3′ UTR of HIV-1 mRNA | Decreases CD4 + T-cell activation |
| vmiRNAs | ||
| vmiR88 51 vmiR99 51 | Mediates TNF-α release | Facilitates immune activation |
| miR-H1 25 | Targets AATF, c-Myc and Dicer | Promotes HIV replication |
| miR-TAR 26,27 | Targets AGO proteins, Caspase 8, Aiolos, and NPM/B23 | Manipulate cellular mRNA expression and imbalance between apoptosis and cell viability |
| miR-H3 38 | Targets TATA box of HIV-1 5′ LTR region | Activates viral transcription |
| miR-N367 25,35 | Degradation of HIV Nef protein | Maintenance of viral latency |
pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cells.