Table 3.
Photobiomodulation preserves the viability and proliferative capacity of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; selected articles.
| Authors | Model | Laser/Probe | Parameters | Therapy | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fallahnezhad et al. 109 | In vitro: mBMSCs or (OVX) mBMSCs from 14-week-old female Wistar rats’ long bones | 632.8 He–Ne laser | 0.003/0.05 W; 378, 756 or 1512 s/23, 45 or 84 s; 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 J∕cm2, 1.91 cm2, distance of 15 and 10 cm | Thrice every other day | 0.6 J/cm2 showed a conspicuous increase in viability parameters |
| Control: healthy and osteoporotic animals that do not receive laser irradiation | 808-nm diode laser | ||||
| Standard probe | |||||
| Eroglu et al. 8 | In vitro: mBMSCs from young (3-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) C57BL/6 mice long bones | 808-nm diode laser | 0.0167–0.0250–0.0333 W/cm2, 180–160 s, 3.0–4.5–6.0 J/cm2; CW | Irradiation: daily | PBM at 3 J/cm2 (3 days) rejuvenates aged mMSC: downregulation of p21 and upregulation of Sirt1 |
| Control: not receive laser irradiation | Standard probe | Treatment duration: from 1 to 3 days | Oxygen consumption and ATP production were improved | ||
| Cells kept differentiation agenda through osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages | |||||
| Wang et al. 102 | In vitro: hBMSCs from fresh cancellous bone fragments of orthognathic patients (normal and inflammatory condition) | 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser | 0.25 W, 20 s, 2–4–8–16 J/cm2; CW | Irradiation: every other day | Stimulation of cell proliferation pathway (4 J/cm2 and 8 J/cm2): |
| Control: not receive laser irradiation | Standard hand-piece | Treatment duration: a week | Inhibition of osteoblast proliferation pathway (16 J/cm2) | ||
| Leonida et al. 110 | In vitro: hBMSCs from the posterior iliac crest of patients. The cells are inserted into collagen scaffolds | 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser | Test 1: 1.5 W, 100 mJ, 15 Hz; 0.84 J/cm2 each cycle, with a total amount of irradiation of 2.52 J/cm2 | Irradiation: tests 1 and 2 received three irradiation cycles of 30 s each, separated by 30-sintervals | After 7 days, proliferation was significantly increased in scaffolds treated with laser |
| Control: not receive laser irradiation | Standard hand-piece | Test 2: 2.25 W, 150 mJ, 15 Hz; 1.27 J/cm2 each cycle with a total amount of 3.81 J/cm2 | |||
| The distance between the laser head and scaffolds was 5 mm and laser divergence were 0.0042 rad; 5 mm on defocalization |
ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CW, continuous wave; hBMSCs, human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; mBMSCs, murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; Nd:YAG, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet; protein p21, p21; Sirtuin, Sirt1.