Table 3. Surgical outcomes.
| Study | Year | Surgical Tx | Complications | Follow-up Mean (range) | ORN improved (months improved) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Habib et al 25 | 2020 | 31/31 FF: 23; LF: 8 |
6/31 cellulitis, CSF leak, frontal mucocele | 16.3 | 24/31; 84 |
| Daoudi et al 23 | 2020 | 5/7 ESx + LF: 5 | 3/7 sepsis, stent thrombosis, ICA rupture | 24 (7–42) | 4/7; 24 |
| Ungar 49 | 2020 | 7/7 FF: 7 | 0/7 major complications | 48 (12–144) | 4/7; 48 |
| Vieira et al 50 | 2020 | 1/1 ESx + LF + FF:1 | 1/1 local flap failure, CSF leak, pneumocephalus | 24 | 1/1; 24 |
| Liu 24 | 2019 | 59/59 ESx: 59 | 25/59 stroke, hemorrhage | 27 (1–108) | 31/59 |
| Chapchay 34 | 2019 | 1/1 FF: 1 | 0/1 | 48 | 1/1; 48 |
| Hallak et al 37 | 2019 | 1/1 ESx: 1 | 1/1; abscess + ICA compression | 4 | 1/1 |
| Vlantis 51 | 2018 | 4/4 FF: 4 | 3/4 complete unilateral choanal stenosis | 18 (5–35) | 4/4 |
| Huang 22 | 2018 | 58/162 LF: 16; FF: 42; ESx: 12/58 | 8/58 CSF leak, hematoma donor flap site, aspiration pneumonia | 36 (2–68) | 58/58; 36 |
| London 44 | 2018 | 1/1 FF: 1 | 1/1 CSF leak | 6 | 1/1; 6 |
| Choi 55 | 2017 | 4/4 FF: 4 | 0/4 no flap failure or infection | 3 | 4/4; 4 |
| Risso et al 48 | 2016 | 1/1 ESx + LF: 1 | 1/1 CSF leak, pneumocephalus, flap dehiscence, pneumonia | 1 | 1/1; 1 |
| Adel and Chang 3 | 2016 | 1/1 ESx + LF: 1 | ND | 12 | 1/1; 12 |
| Tan 31 | 2015 | 1/1 ESx: 1 | ND | 12 | 1/1; 12 |
| Brand 29 | 2015 | 1/1 ESx + free flap: 1 | ND | 3 | 1/1; 3 |
| Hu 38 | 2013 | 1/1 LF: 1 | 1/1 CSF leak | 4 | 1/1; 4 |
| Raza 47 | 2013 | 1/1 Spinal fusion | ND | 12 | 0/1; 12 |
| Wang 53 | 2011 | 1/1 ND | 1/1 hemorrhage | 6 | ND |
| King et al 41 | 2010 | 3/9 Spinal fusion | 1/9 meningitis | 42 (15–58) | 7/9; 42 |
| Kakarala et al 40 | 2010 | 1/1 FF: 1; ESx: 1 | ND | 22 | 1/1; 22 |
| Liang et al 42 | 2009 | ND | 10/10 cavernous thrombosis, meningitis, cerebral abscess | 88 ± 36 for whole group | ND |
| Huang et al 39 | 2006 | 9/15 ESx: 9 | Surgical Tx: 2/9 temporal lobe necrosis, cerebral edema medical Tx: 3/6 epistaxis, pneumonia | 24 (6–84) | Surgical: 7/9 Medical: 0/6 |
| Wang 52 | 2006 | 1/1 craniotomy | 1/1 CSF leak | 6 | 1/1; 6 |
| Mut 45 | 2005 | 1/1 spinal fusion | 1/1 brainstem compression | 3 | 1/1; 3 |
| Liu 43 | 2004 | 1/1 debridement | ND | 6 | 1/1; 6 |
| Chen et al 35 | 2004 | 1/1 ESx: 1 | 1/1 ICA rupture | 3 | 1/1; 3 |
| Chang 33 | 2000 | 6/6 ESx: 6 | ND | 15 (5–26) | 6/6; 15 |
| Wu and Lee 54 | 1999 | 1/1 fascial graft | ND | 6 | ND |
| Ness 46 | 1996 | 2/2 FF: 2 | 1/2 pneumocephalus, encephalomalacia | 12, ND | 2/2; 13 |
Abbreviations: ORN, osteoradionecrosis; Tx, treatment; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ICA, internal carotid artery; LF, local flap; FF, free flap; ESx, endoscopic debridement; ND, not discussed.