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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Q J Econ. 2021 Nov 13;137(2):1139–1179. doi: 10.1093/qje/qjab043

Figure I.

Figure I

National Drug Overdose Death Rates

We use geocoded NVSS data to construct all drug overdose and opioid overdose deaths per 100,000. See Section III.A for ICD codes used in each period. Opioid overdoses are defined as overdoses that report opioid involvement (including natural/semisynthetic opioids, methadone, heroin, and synthetic opioids). These overdoses may or may not also include nonopioid substances.