. 2022 Jul 11;130(7):076001. doi: 10.1289/EHP10197

Table 2.

Studies on exposure to aircraft noise and self-reported sleep outcomes (adapted from the WHO review¹⁹).

Outcome	Study	$N$	Location	Disturbance question and responses	Noise metric, (level range)
Awakenings: noise mentioned (total $uppercase italic n equals 4,613$ )	Nguyen et al.³²^,^a	559	Hanoi, Vietnam	In daily life, how much do you feel disturbed when an aircraft passes by in the following cases: When you are awakened in your sleep? Not at all, Slightly, Moderately, Very,^b Extremely^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–62.5 dB)
	Nguyen et al.⁴⁸	1,093	Hanoi, Vietnam	In daily life, when an aeroplane passes by, to what degree are you disturbed in the following cases: When you are awakened in your sleep? Not at all, Slightly, Moderately, Very,^b Extremely^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (37.5–57.5 dB)
	Yano et al.⁴⁹	776	Hanoi, Vietnam	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (37.5–57.5 dB)
	Nguyen et al.⁵⁰	511	Da Nang City, Vietnam	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (37.5–57.5 dB)
	Nguyen et al.^51,52	804	Hanoi, Vietnam	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (37.5–52.5 dB)
	Nguyen et al.⁵³	870	Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (42.5–62.5 dB)
Falling asleep: noise mentioned (total $uppercase italic n equals 27,869$ )	Nguyen et al.³²^,^a	545	Hanoi, Vietnam	In daily life, how much do you feel disturbed when an aircraft passes by in the following cases: When it makes it difficult for you to fall asleep? Not at all, Slightly, Moderately, Very,^b Extremely^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–62.5 dB)
	NORAH⁴²^,^a	3,505	Frankfurt, Germany 2011	In the last 12 months aircraft noise has disturbed you when falling asleep? Not at all, Slightly, Moderately, Very,^b Extremely^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–57.5 dB)
	NORAH⁴²^,^a	3,502	Frankfurt, Germany 2012	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–67.5 dB)
	NORAH⁴²^,^a	3,505	Frankfurt, Germany 2013	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–62.5 dB)
	NORAH⁴²^,^a	5,527	Berlin, Germany 2012	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–52.5 dB)
	NORAH⁴²^,^a	2,947	Cologne-Bonn, Germany 2013	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–67.5 dB)
	NORAH⁴²^,^a	1,970	Stuttgart, Germany 2013	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–52.5 dB)
	Nguyen et al.⁴⁸	1,095	Hanoi, Vietnam	In daily life, when an aeroplane passes by, at what degree are you disturbed in the following cases: When it makes it difficult for you to fall asleep? Not at all, Slightly, Moderately, Very,^b Extremely^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (37.5–57.5 dB)
	Yano et al.⁴⁹	780	Hanoi, Vietnam	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (37.5–57.5 dB)
	Nguyen et al.⁵⁰	512	Da Nang City, Vietnam	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (37.5–52.5 dB)
	Nguyen et al.^51,52	805	Hanoi, Vietnam	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (37.5–52.5 dB)
	Nguyen et al.⁵³	868	Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (42.5–62.5 dB)
	Schreckenberg et al.⁵⁴	2,308	Germany	How much has aircraft noise in the last 12 months disturbed falling asleep? Not at all, Slightly, Moderately, Very,^b Extremely^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (37.5–57.5 dB)
Sleep disturbance: noise mentioned (total $uppercase italic n equals 27,773$ )	Rocha et al.⁴⁵^,^a	396	Atlanta, Georgia, USA	Thinking about the last 12 months or so, when you were at home, how much was your sleep disturbed by noise from aircraft? Not at all, Slightly, Moderately, Very,^b Extremely^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2300–0700 hours (37.5–52.5 dB)
	Brink et al.⁴⁶^,^a	2,925	Switzerland	Thinking about the last twelve months at your home, during nighttime when you want to sleep, how much did aircraft noise bother, disturb, or annoy you? Not at all, Slightly, Moderately, Very,^b Extremely^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2300–0700 hours (22.5–62.5 dB)
	Civil Aviation Authority⁴¹^,^a	1,200	United Kingdom	Thinking about the summer, when you were here at home, what number from 0 to 10 best shows the degree to which your sleep was disturbed by noise from aeroplanes? Not at all disturbed (0) to Extremely disturbed (10) (HSD 8,^b 9,^b 10^b)	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ 2300–0700 hours, summer (37.5–62.5 dB)
	NORAH⁴²^,^a	3,505	Frankfurt, Germany 2011	In the last 12 months aircraft noise has disturbed you when sleeping in the night? Not at all, Slightly, Moderately, Very,^b Extremely^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–57.5 dB)
	NORAH⁴²^,^a	3,502	Frankfurt, Germany 2012	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–67.5 dB)
	NORAH⁴²^,^a	3,505	Frankfurt, Germany 2013	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–62.5 dB)
	NORAH⁴²^,^a	5,519	Berlin, Germany 2012	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–52.5 dB)
	NORAH⁴²^,^a	2,939	Cologne–Bonn, Germany 2013	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–67.5 dB)
	NORAH⁴²^,^a	1,973	Stuttgart, Germany 2013	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–52.5 dB)
	Schreckenberg et al.⁵⁴	2,309	Germany	How much has aircraft noise in the last 12 months disturbed sleeping during the night? Not at all, Slightly, Moderately, Very,^b Extremely^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (37.5–57.5 dB)
Awakenings: noise not mentioned (total $uppercase italic n equals 3,726$ )	Rocha et al.⁴⁵^,^a	309	Atlanta, Georgia, USA	How often did the following occur during the past month: You had trouble sleeping because you wake up in the middle of the night or early morning? Not during the past month, Less than once a week, Once or twice a week, Three or more times a week^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2300–0700 hours (37.5–52.5 dB)
	Basner et al.²⁰^,^a	39	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA	During the past month, how often have you had trouble sleeping because you wake up in the middle of the night or early morning? Not during the past month, Less than once a week, Once or twice a week, Three or more times a week^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2300–0700 hours (47.5–57.5 dB)
	Carugno et al.³⁵^,^a	400	Bergamo, Italy	Frequent nocturnal awakening (last month)? No, Yes^b	LVA, 2300–0600 hours (57.5–72.5 dB)
	Brink et al. (2003 study)⁵⁵	1,450	Switzerland	How often do you have the following symptoms: Problems with sleeping through? Never, Rarely, Sometimes, Often, Very Often,^b Always^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (27.5–62.5 dB)
	Brink et al. (2001 study)⁵⁵	1,528	Switzerland	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (27.5–62.5 dB)
Falling asleep: noise not mentioned (total $uppercase italic n equals 4,375$ )	Smith et al.²¹^,^a	33	Atlanta, Georgia, USA	Please evaluate last night’s sleep: falling asleep was Very easy (0) to Very difficult (10) (HSD 8,^b 9,^b 10^b)	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2300–0700 hours (37.5–57.5 dB)
	Nguyen et al.³²^,^a	620	Hanoi, Vietnam	Do you have any trouble with your sleep? Difficult to fall asleep? Rarely/not at all, Once or twice a week, Three or more times per week^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–62.5 dB)
	Rocha et al.⁴⁵^,^a	309	Atlanta, Georgia, USA	How often did the following occur during the past month: You had trouble sleeping because you cannot get to sleep within 30 minutes? Not during the past month, Less than once a week, Once or twice a week, Three or more times a week^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2300–0700 hours (37.5–52.5 dB)
	Basner et al.²⁰^,^a	39	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA	During the past month, how often have you had trouble sleeping because you cannot get to sleep within 30 minutes? Not during the past month, Less than once a week, Once or twice a week, Three or more times a week^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2300–0700 hours (47.5–57.5 dB)
	Carugno et al.³⁵^,^a	400	Bergamo, Italy	Long time to fall asleep (last month)? No, Yes^b	LVA, 2300–0600 hours (57.5–72.5 dB)
	Brink et al. (2003 study)⁵⁵	1,450	Switzerland	How often do you have the following symptoms: Problems falling asleep? Never, Rarely, Sometimes, Often, Very Often,^b Always^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (27.5–62.5 dB)
	Brink et al. (2001 study)⁵⁵	1,528	Switzerland	Same as above	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (27.5–62.5 dB)
Sleep disturbance: noise not mentioned (total $uppercase italic n equals 195$ )	Brink⁵⁶	195	Switzerland	During the last 4 weeks, have you suffered from any of the following disorders or health problems? Difficulty in sleeping or insomnia? Not at all, Somewhat, Very Much^b	$average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , 2200–0600 hours (32.5–52.5 dB)

Note: HSD, highly sleep disturbed; $average nighttime outdoor A-weighted noise level$ , nighttime noise; LVA, Livello di Valutazione del Aeroportuale; NORAH, Noise-Related Annoyance, Cognition and Health; WHO, World Health Organization.

^aStudies not included in the WHO review.¹⁹

^bResponse alternatives designated as highly sleep disturbed.