Table 1.
Population Characteristics
| Mitral Regurgitation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n=2647) |
None (n=1748) |
Mild (n=704) |
≥Moderate (n=195) |
p | |
| CLINICAL | |||||
| Age (year) | 64.3 ± 11.7 | 63.3 ± 11.6 | 66.2 ± 11.5 | 67.0 ± 12.0 | |
| 0.001 | |||||
| Sex | <0.01 | ||||
| Male | 66% (1743) | 66% (1161) | 68% (477) | 55% (108) | |
| Female | 45% (896) | 34% (587) | 32% (227) | 45% (87) | |
| BSA (m2) | 1.82 ±0.22 | 1.83 ± 0.22 | 1.81 ± 0.23 | 1.73 ± 9.23 | <0.001 |
| Pharmacologic Stress | |||||
| Protocol | |||||
| Adenosine | 33% (876) | 34% (599) | 34% (237) | 22% (42) | |
| Regadenoson | 67% (1762) | 66% (1149) | 66% (467) | 78% (153) | <0.01 |
| Atherosclerosis Risk Factors | |||||
| Hypertension | 82% (2150) | 81% (1415) | 82% (580) | 83% (161) | 0.65 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 78% (2064) | 78% (1367) | 80% (560) | 74% (144) | 0.23 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 37% (978) | 36% (635) | 39% (275) | 37% (72) | 0.45 |
| Current or prior tobacco use | 40% (1055) | 40% (700) | 41% (288) | 35% (69) | 0.37 |
| Family history | 39% (1025) | 40% (692) | 39% (275) | 31% (60) | 0.02 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 63% (1666) | 62% (1081) | 65% (457) | 66% (128) | 0.26 |
| Prior revascularization | |||||
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 22% (588) | 24% (427) | 22% (132) | 15% (29) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | 8% (214) | 8% (140) | 7% (49) | 13% (25) | 0.03 |
| Symptoms | |||||
| Chest pain | 52% (1376) | 55% (961) | 47% (329) | 47% (92) | <0.001 |
| Dyspnea | 30% (800) | 29% (502) | 31% (219) | 42% (82) | 0.001 |
| Palpitations | 3% (65) | 3% (45) | 2% (16) | 2% (4) | 0.85 |
| Cardiovascular Medications | |||||
| Aspirin | 82% (2155) | 83% (1443) | 81% (571) | 75% (147) | 0.04 |
| HMG CoA-Reductase inhibitor | 75% (1980) | 75% (1309) | 78% (546) | 67% (131) | 0.01 |
| Beta blocker | 53% (1393) | 51% (890) | 58% (405) | 51% (100) | 0.01 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 61% (1615) | 61% (1061) | 62% (439) | 62% (120) | 0.74 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 6% (152) | 4% (71) | 7% (51) | 15% (30) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretic | 35% (919) | 32% (560) | 37% (259) | 53% (103) | <0.001 |
| CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE | |||||
| Left Ventricle Function/Geometry | |||||
| End-diastolic volume (ml/m2) | 87.9 ±34.9 | 80.5 ±29.7 | 95.1 ±34.3 | 129.6 ± 45.6 | <0.001 |
| End-systolic volume (ml/m2) | 45.7 ±32.7 | 38.6 ±26.4 | 52.6 ±33.8 | 86.2 ± 44.6 | <0.001 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 51.8 ± 15.3 | 54.7 ± 13.9 | 48.6 ± 15.9 | 37.1 ± 14.7 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular sphericity | 0.43 ± 0.22 | 0.42 ± 2.43 | 0.45 ±0.16 | 0.51 ±0.12 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial geometry | |||||
| Left atrial diameter (cm) | 3.7 ±0.8 | 3.5 ±0.7 | 3.8 ±0.7 | 4.5 ±0.7 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial area (cm2) | 23.1 ±6.8 | 21.5 ±5.7 | 25.1 ±6.8 | 30.6 ±8.1 | <0.001 |
| Left Ventricular Ischemia | |||||
| Sub-papillary | |||||
| Present/absent | 38% (1010) | 34% (586) | 46% (324) | 51% (100) | <0.001 |
| Ischemia extent when present (% LV) | 25 [25, 50] | 25 [25, 50] | 25 [25, 50] | 37.5 [25, 62.5] | 0.01 |
| Non-papillary | |||||
| Present/absent | 37% (968) | 32% (559) | 46% (320) | 50% (97) | <0.001 |
| Ischemia extent when present (% LV) | 37.5 [12.5, 50] | 37.5 [12.5, 50] | 37.5 [25, 59.4] | 37.5 [25, 50] | 0.03 |
| Left Ventricular Infarction | |||||
| Sub-papillary | |||||
| Present/Absent | 56% (1472) | 50% (874) | 65% (456) | 74% (145) | <0.001 |
| Infarct extent when present (% LV) | 9.4 [4.7, 20.3] | 9.4 [4.7, 18.7] | 10.9 [4.7, 21.9] | 15.6 [6.2, 26.6] | <0.001 |
| Non-papillary | |||||
| Present/absent | 63% (1673) | 58% (1016) | 71% (503) | 81% (158) | <0.001 |
| Infarct extent when present (% LV) | 9.4 [4.7, 20.3] | 9.4 [4.3, 20.3] | 10.9 [4.7, 21.91 | 12.5 [6.2, 21.91 | 0.02 |