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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 11.
Published in final edited form as: ACS ES T Water. 2022 Apr 8;2(5):863–872. doi: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00043

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

(a) Diagram illustrating the developed material and its separation mechanisms (exclusion and adsorption) toward PFAS separation. (b) Water permeability coefficient (A) or also called water permeance (thickness-dependent) of the commercial PVDF400, PNIPAm-PVDF (weight gain 14.8%), and NF-PNIPAm-PVDF membranes (PNIPAm weight gain 10.0–11.7%) was calculated from the equation Jw = A·(ΔP). Data for NF270 was included for comparison. The permeability was measured over a pressure range of 1.4–4.0 bar for the PVDF400 membrane, 1.9–9.2 bar for the PNIPAm-PVDF and NF270 membranes, and 2.0–9.6 bar for the NF-PNIPAm-PVDF membrane. Crossflow systems were used for these measurements. For the membrane containing functional materials and the NF270 membrane, the measurements were taken at 21–22 °C; PVDF400 measurements were taken at 26 °C and adjusted to 21 °C using viscosity corrections. (c, d) SEM of the surface transformation from the (c) pore-functionalized material to the formation of the (d) thin-film polyamide. (e, f) XPS depth profiles of the respective materials from each SEM image to corroborate PNIPAm and polyamide addition. Carbon accounts for the remaining percent.