Table 3. Description of diagnosis, treatment and outcome of COVID-19-associated fungal infection cases reported from Iran up to November 5, 2021.
| Variables | Frequencies based on the type of fungal infection | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Candidiasis | Mucormycosis | Aspergillosis | |
| COVID-19 diagnostic method (n, %) | PCR (29, 48.33%) | PCR (18, 51.43%) | PCR + CT (28, 96.55%) |
| PCR + CT (1, 1.66%) | PCR + CT (14, 40%) | CT (1, 3.45%) | |
| Clinical (30, 50%) | CT (2, 5.71%) | ||
| Unknown (25) | Clinical (1, 2.86%) | ||
| Days between COVID-19 and fungal infection diagnosis (mean ± SD) | 8.97 ± 8.89 | 17.18 ± 12.44 | 29 ± 19.3 |
| Unknown (25) | Unknown (1) | Unknown (23) | |
| Fungal infection diagnostic method (n, %) | Microscopic + molecular + culture (53, 62.35%) | Microscopic + imaging (18, 51.43%) | Culture + biomarkera (17, 58.62%) |
| Molecular (25, 29.41%) | Microscopic (15, 42.86%) | Culture (5, 17.24%) | |
| Molecular + culture (6, 7.06%) | Microscopic + culture + molecular + imaging (2, 5.71%) | Biomarker + imaging (2, 6.89%) | |
| Molecular + culture + imaging (1, 1.17%) | Microscopic + culture + Molecular + biomarker + imaging (2, 6.89%) | ||
| Microscopic + culture + Molecular + imaging (2, 6.89%) | |||
| Microscopic + culture + imaging (1, 3.45%) | |||
| Fungal infection treatment (n, %) | FCZ (22, 36.66%) | AMB (1, 2.86%) | VCZ (2, 6.9%) |
| FCZ + NYS (20, 33.33%) | AMB + SI (25, 71.43%) | VCZ + CSP (1, 3.45%) | |
| NYS (10, 16.66%) | AMB + PSZ+ SI (5, 14.28%) | VCZ + AMB (2, 6.9%) | |
| FCZ + CSP (5, 8.33%) | AMB + PSZ + CSP + SI (1, 2.86%) | FCZ + AMB + surgical intervention (1, 3.45%) | |
| CSP (1, 1.66%) | AMB + CSP + SI (2, 5.71%) | AMB (1, 3.45%) | |
| AMB (1, 1.66%) | Systemic antifungal + SI (1, 2.86%) | No treatment (22, 75.86%) | |
| No treatment (1, 1.66%) | |||
| Case fatality rate (%) | 16.66% | 55.88% | 86.2% |
| Unknown (25) | Unknown (1) | ||
PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; CT: computerized tomography scan; FCZ: fluconazole; AMB: Amphotericin B; VCZ: voriconazole; NYS: nystatin; CSP: caspofungin; PSZ: posaconazole; SI: surgical intervention.
aEither galactomannan or β-D-glucan in serum or bronchoalveolar lavage sample.