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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 11.
Published in final edited form as: J Benefit Cost Anal. 2022 May 10;13(1):57–90. doi: 10.1017/bca.2022.4

Table 3:

Means of covariates without and after inverse probability weighting for program selection

Unweighted Weighted

Predictors for Program Selectiona CPCb Comparison Difference p-value CPC Comparison Difference p-value

Females, % 51.8 47.1 4.7 0.080* 49.9 49.5 0.4 0.878
African American, % 92.7 93.5 −0.8 0.589 93.1 93.4 −0.3 0.822
Mother not completed high school by child’s age 3, % 51.0 60.2 −9.2 0.001*** 54.0 54.0 0.0 0.998
Ever reported receiving free lunch by child’s age 3, % 84.2 82.9 1.3 0.502 83.6 83.6 0.0 0.995
Mother under 18 at child’s birth, % 15.6 17.3 −1.7 0.385 16.3 16.2 0.1 0.964
Having 4 or more children at home by child’s age, % 16.0 17.8 −1.8 0.353 16.9 16.8 0.1 0.946
Ever reported receiving AFDC by child’s age 3, % 63.1 62.2 0.9 0.723 62.6 62.8 −0.2 0.948
Mother not employed by child’s age 3, % 67.3 64.6 2.7 0.266 66.1 66.1 0.0 0.998
Single parent by child’s age 3, % 76.7 76.0 0.7 0.742 76.5 76.6 −0.1 0.964
Missing on any family risk indicators, % 14.8 18.9 −4.1 0.035** 15.6 15.4 0.2 0.916
Reside in high poverty school area, % 77.7 72.9 4.8 0.037** 76.2 76.3 −0.1 0.954
Child low birth weight (<2500g), % 10.9 13.3 −2.4 0.170 11.7 11.7 0.0 0.976
Family conflict, child age 0–5, % 5.7 5.9 −0.2 0.856 5.7 5.7 0.0 0.986
Family financial problems, child age 0–5, % 7.1 6.8 0.3 0.842 6.9 6.8 0.1 0.922
Substance abuse parent, child age 0–5, % 4.3 3.9 0.4 0.718 4.1 4.0 0.1 0.950

Significance Level:

***

p<0.01

**

p<0.05

*

p<0.1

a

Data are presented as a percentage of individuals.

b

Out of 1539 study participants, 989 participants were in the CPC group and 550 participants in the comparison group.