Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
| Control group (n=182) | Outpatients (n=183) | Patients with severe COVID-19 (n=139) | Patients with critical COVID-19 (n=133) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | .. | .. | .. | .. | <0·0001 | ||
| Median | 58·8 (46·0–71·8) | 47·9 (31·2–60·6) | 62·1 (49·0–73·9) | 63·1 (52·3–74·0) | .. | ||
| Range | 21·0–98·0 | 18·5–80·9 | 18·2–101·9 | 24·6–96·4 | .. | ||
| Sex | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0·0019* | ||
| Female | 98 (54%) | 111 (61%) | 69 (50%) | 52 (39%) | .. | ||
| Male | 84 (46%) | 72 (39%) | 70 (50%) | 81 (61%) | .. | ||
| Body-mass index | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0·31† | ||
| Number of participants with available data | 69 (38%) | 120 (66%) | 88 (63%) | 79 (59%) | .. | ||
| Median | 24·8 (22·2–31·3) | 26·8 (23·0–30·4) | 27·1 (23·5–30·8) | 27·2 (24·1–32·1) | .. | ||
| Range | 18·4–51·2 | 17·4–45·9 | 14·3–46·7 | 19·8–46·3 | .. | ||
| Race | .. | .. | .. | .. | <0·0001* | ||
| Number of participants with available data | 168 (92%) | 160 (87%) | 134 (96%) | 125 (94%) | .. | ||
| Native American or Pacific Islander | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 3 (2%) | 6 (5%) | .. | ||
| Asian | 1 (1%) | 5 (3%) | 2 (1%) | 9 (7%) | .. | ||
| Black or African American | 2 (1%) | 11 (6%) | 27 (19%) | 12 (9%) | .. | ||
| White | 165 (91%) | 143 (78%) | 102 (73%) | 98 (74%) | .. | ||
| Ethnicity | .. | .. | .. | .. | <0·0001* | ||
| Number of participants with available data | 176 (97%) | 171 (93%) | 138 (99%) | 128 (96%) | .. | ||
| Hispanic or Latino | 5 (3%) | 12 (7%) | 12 (9%) | 23 (17%) | .. | ||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 171 (94%) | 159 (87%) | 126 (91%) | 105 (79%) | .. | ||
| Charlson comorbidity total score | .. | .. | .. | .. | <0·0001† | ||
| Number of participants with available data | 163 (90%) | 150 (82%) | 130 (94%) | 119 (89%) | .. | ||
| Median | 1·0 (0·0–1·0) | 0·0 (0·0–1·0) | 1·0 (0·0–2·0) | 1·0 (0·0–2·0) | .. | ||
| Range | 0·0–4·0 | 0·0–3·0 | 0·00–5·0 | 0·0–5·0 | .. | ||
| Charlson comorbidity index | |||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 3 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 0·45* | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 9 (5%) | 1 (1%) | 12 (9%) | 15 (11%) | 0·0060* | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 7 (4%) | 6 (3%) | 11 (8%) | 8 (6%) | 0·32* | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 8 (4%) | 2 (1%) | 7 (5%) | 8 (6%) | 0·16* | ||
| Dementia | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (4%) | 1 (1%) | 0·021* | ||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 23 (13%) | 16 (9%) | 18 (13%) | 16 (12%) | 0·80* | ||
| Rheumatic disease | 7 (4%) | 4 (2%) | 4 (3%) | 3 (2%) | 0·81* | ||
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0·84* | ||
| Mild liver disease | 7 (4%) | 3 (2%) | 6 (4%) | 2 (2%) | 0·38* | ||
| Diabetes without chronic complications | 14 (8%) | 11 (6%) | 26 (19%) | 22 (17%) | 0·0012* | ||
| Diabetes with chronic complications | 4 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 9 (6%) | 9 (7%) | 0·020* | ||
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0·018* | ||
| Renal disease | 12 (7%) | 6 (3%) | 19 (14%) | 19 (14%) | 0·0017* | ||
| Cancer | 38 (21%) | 11 (6%) | 19 (14%) | 20 (15%) | 0·0016* | ||
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0·26* | ||
| Metastatic solid tumour | 6 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 0·068* | ||
| AIDS or HIV | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0·63* | ||
| APACHE II | .. | .. | .. | .. | <0·0001† | ||
| Number of participants with available data | 0 | 0 | 131 | 129 | .. | ||
| Median | .. | .. | 4·4 (3·8–6·7) | 7·6 (5·8–21·0) | .. | ||
| Range | .. | .. | [2·9–26·2] | [2·9–73·3] | .. | ||
| SARS-CoV-2 treatment | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Number of participants with available data | 0 | 0 | 131 | 129 | .. | ||
| IL-6 Inhibitor | .. | .. | 4 (3%) | 29 (22%) | <0·0001* | ||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | .. | .. | 32 (23%) | 32 (24%) | 1·0* | ||
| Systemic corticosteroid | .. | .. | 69 (50%) | 98 (74%) | <0·0002* | ||
| Remdesivir | .. | .. | 63 (45%) | 82 (62%) | 0·017* | ||
| ECMO | .. | .. | 0 (0%) | 5 (4%) | 0·068* | ||
| Azithromycin | .. | .. | 55 (40%) | 83 (62%) | <0·0005* | ||
| Convalescent plasma | .. | .. | 10 (7%) | 6 (5%) | 0·46* | ||
Data are median (IQR), range, or n (%). APACHEII=Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II. IL-6=interleukin-6. ACE=angiotensin-converting enzyme. ARB=angiotensin II receptor blockers. ECMO=extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
*
χ2 test was applied to calculate p value.
†
F statistic was applied to calculate p value.