Table 1.

Endothelial glycocalyx “sheddase” mechanisms implicated in CNS injury

CNS Injury	Sheddase(s) Implicated	Upstream Mediator(s)	Reference(s)
Traumatic brain injury	ADAM17	S100β/RAGE	(34)
Global ischemia	MMP9	Unknown	(7)
Focal ischemia	HYAL1, HYAL2, MMP9, HPSE	HPSE release from immune cells Acrolein-mediated activation of ProHPSE to generate HPSE	(33, 36, 37)
Spinal cord injury	MMP9	MMP3, Jmjd3	(31, 32, 40)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage	HPSE	Unknown	(35)

ADAM17, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17; CNS, central nervous system; HPSE, heparanase-1; HYAL, hyaluronidase; MMP, matrix-metalloproteinase.