A |
Early, intra- or extra-luminal, mild |
Well |
Observation, blood count, ultrasonography and, if necessary, computed tomography |
No |
B |
Early, intra- or extra-luminal, severe; Late, intra- or extraluminal, mild |
Often well/ intermediate, very rarely life-threatening |
Observation, blood count, ultrasonography, computed tomography, angiography, endoscopy |
Transfusion of fluid/ blood, intermediate care unit (or ICU), therapeutic endoscopy, embolization, relaparotomy for early PPH |
C |
Late, intra- or extra-luminal, severe |
Severely impaired, life-threatening |
Angiography, computed tomography, endoscopy |
Localization of bleeding, angiography and embolization, (endoscopy) or relaparotomy, ICU |