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. 2022 Jun 30;34(3):238–255. doi: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2022.03.05

Table A5. Clinical grading system of postpancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH).

Grade Time of onset, location, severity and clinical impact of bleeding Clinical condition Diagnostic consequence Therapeutic consequence
A Early, intra- or extra-luminal, mild Well Observation, blood count, ultrasonography and, if necessary, computed tomography No
B Early, intra- or extra-luminal, severe; Late, intra- or extraluminal, mild Often well/ intermediate, very rarely life-threatening Observation, blood count, ultrasonography, computed tomography, angiography, endoscopy Transfusion of fluid/ blood, intermediate care unit (or ICU), therapeutic endoscopy, embolization, relaparotomy for early PPH
C Late, intra- or extra-luminal, severe Severely impaired, life-threatening Angiography, computed tomography, endoscopy Localization of bleeding, angiography and embolization, (endoscopy) or relaparotomy, ICU