Table 3.
Concentration of cytokines in the serum of patients with COVID-19.
| Total (n = 46) | Mild to moderate group (n = 10) | Severe group (n = 14) | Critical group (n = 22) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1β, pg/mL | 1.01 (0.76, 1.75) (n = 45) |
0.80 (0.77, 1.49) | 0.95 (0.77, 2.36) | 1.02 (0.76, 1.65) | 0.816 |
| IL-2, pg/mL | 2.03 (1.50, 3.37) (n = 45) |
2.04 (1.50, 3.77) | 2.33 (1.56, 2.79) | 1.50 (1.50, 3.80) | 0.830 |
| IL-4, pg/mL | 9.85 (2.54, 9.85) (n = 45) |
9.85 (3.52, 19.09) | 4.46 (2.78, 9.85) | 9.85 (2.28, 9.85) | 0.722 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 85.1 (23.16, 240.71) (n = 45) |
95.52 (34.54, 462.82) | 93.38 (24.94, 189.54) | 85.09 (23.16, 252.06) | 0.891 |
| IL-8, pg/mL | 19.00 (11.61, 34.77) (n = 45) |
14.80 (9.93, 18.52) | 18.07 (12.49, 31.61) | 21.54 (12.60, 39.57) | 0.389 |
| IL-10, pg/mL | 8.26 (3.24, 17.05) (n = 45) |
11.14 (4.22, 34.23) | 9.27 (3.76, 13.09) | 6.48 (3.23, 12.61) | 0.455 |
| IL-12p70, pg/mL | 1.70 (1.01, 1.70) (n = 45) |
1.54 (1.01, 1.70) | 1.35 (1.01, 1.70) | 1.70 (1.01, 1.77) | 0.528 |
| IL-17A, pg/mL | 2.29 (1.27, 5.09) (n = 45) |
3.43 (2.57, 9.41) | 2.29 (1.65, 5.03) | 2.29 (1.23, 3.69) | 0.389 |
| IL-18, pg/mL | 615.8 (425.6, 899.4) | 391.7 (277.0, 611.5) | 590.9 (475.2, 764.8) | 692.6 (483.7, 1057.7) | 0.187 |
| IFNγ, pg/mL | 4.94 (1.31, 26.72) (n = 45) |
7.75 (2.39, 49.85) | 9.20 (2.70, 19.55) | 2.51 (1.22, 13.84) | 0.187 |
| IP-10, pg/mL | 2003 (971, 3035) (n = 45) |
1653 (1002, 2174) | 2356 (1786, 2836) | 1745 (505, 3907) | 0.272 |
| MCP-1, pg/mL | 359.2 (205.8, 591.4) (n = 45) |
288.4 (229.8, 383.5) | 375.2 (230.3, 486.0) | 268.3 (171.4, 652.3) | 0.809 |
| TGFβ, pg/mL | 47.45 (28.22, 105.65) (n = 45) | 89.63 (48.41, 232.29) | 63.08 (23.87, 151.27) | 47.45 (28.22, 69.39) | 0.162 |
| TNFα, pg/mL | 0.74 (0.52, 1.18) (n = 45) |
1.31 (0.74, 2.70) | 0.64 (0.44, 0.74) | 0.74 (0.64, 0.74) | 0.246 |
Data are presented as medians (interquartile ranges), and the Kruskal–Wallis method was used for statistical analysis.
Mild to moderate group, COVID-19 patients not needing oxygen supplementation.
Severe group, COVID-19 patients needing oxygen supplementation with no ventilation assistance.
Critical group, COVID-19 patients needing ventilation assistance.
(IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; IP, interferon inducible protein; MCP, monocyte chemotactic protein; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor).