Table 5.

Means, standard deviations, and one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) between age of PWS patients on experienced PWS symptoms, and PTSD symptoms, in family members.

Measure	Age				ANOVA
		M	SD	n	Effect	Mean difference	F ratio	p-value	η2
Experienced PWS-symptom severity		5.85	2.72	86			6.112	0.003**	0.128
	Group 1	4.29	2.56	24	Group 2	−2.17		0.004**
	Group 2	6.47	2.38	43	Group 3	0.04		1.000
	Group 3	6.52	2.97	19	Group 1	2.13		0.025*
Total PTSD-symptoms		13.81	13.33	96			6.542	0.002**	0.123
	Group 1	8.31	6.67	26	Group 2	−10.11		0.004**
	Group 2	18.42	14.72	48	Group 3	8.14		0.042*
	Group 3	10.27	13.33	22	Group 1	1.97		1.000
Intrusion		0.64	0.82	96			4.903	0.009**	0.095
	Group 1	0.35	0.39	26	Group 2	−0.54		0.018*
	Group 2	0.89	0.67	48	Group 3	0.46		0.081
	Group 3	0.44	0.70	22	Group 1	0.08		1.00
Avoidance		0.70	1.03	96			4.674	0.012*	0.091
	Group 1	0.35	0.68	26	Group 2	−0.66		0.022*
	Group 2	1.01	1.22	48	Group 3	0.56		0.096
	Group 3	0.46	0.71	22	Group 1	0.11		1.000
Negative alterations in cognitions and mood		0.66	0.73	96			3.762	0.027*	0.075
	Group 1	0.40	0.42	26	Group 2	−0.46		0.031*
	Group 2	0.85	0.79	48	Group 3	0.30		0.32
	Group 3	0.55	0.80	22	Group 1	0.16		1.000
Negative alterations in arousal and reactivity		0.76	0.69	96			6.030	0.003**	0.115
	Group 1	0.51	0.50	26	Group 2	−0.48		0.010**
	Group 2	1.00	0.73	48	Group 3	0.44		0.031*
	Group 3	0.55	0.65	22	Group 1	0.04		1.000

Group 1 consists of family members of PWS patients aged 0 to 9 years. Group 2 consists of family members of PWS patients aged 10 to 30 years. Group 3 consists of family members of PWS patients aged 31 years and older. Intrusion, Avoidance, Negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and Negative alterations in arousal and reactivity represent the four respective PTSD symptom clusters B to E on the PCL-5-NL for DSM-5 (20). The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. ^*p < 0.05. ^**p < 0.01.