TABLE 1.
Characteristics of eligible studies.
| Author | Year | Country | Design | Sample size | Age | BMI | Modality | Study design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raiko JRH | 2021 | Finland | RCT | 27 (M/F 13/24) | 38.4 | 27.4 | FDG-PET/CT | Cooled the temperature above their shivering point for 2 h |
| Taniguchi H | 2020 | Japan | RCT | 6 (F) | 21.3 | 20 | FDG-PET/CT | Exposed to 19°C for 2 h |
| Brychta RJ | 2019 | United States | RCT | 21 (L/O 13/24) | 25.5 | 23.2 (L) 34.4 (O) | FDG-PET/CT | Exposed to 16°C for 4 h |
| Thuzar M | 2018 | Australia | RCT | 13 (M/F 7/6) | 28 | 24.0 | FDG-PET/CT | Exposed to 19°C for 3 h |
| Romu T | 2016 | Sweden | RCT | 25 (R/C 12/13) | 25.2 | 22.5(R) 21.6(C) | MRI | Cooled the temperature above their shivering point for 1 h |
| Mueez UD | 2016 | Finland | RCT | 7 (M/F 2/5) | 36 | 25.5 | FDG-PET/CT | Cooled the temperature above their shivering point for 2 h |
| Hanssen MJ | 2015 | Netherlands | RCT | 16 (M/F 8/8) | 21.3 | 21.3 | FDG-PET/CT | Cooled the temperature above their shivering point for 30 min |
| Yoneshiro T | 2013 | Japan | RCT | 8(M) | 24.4 | 22.0 | FDG-PET/CT | Exposed to 19°C for 2 h |
| Chen KY | 2013 | United States | RCT | 24 (M/F 10/14) | 28.1 | -- | FDG-PET | Exposed to19°C for 12 h |
| Van Marken Lichtenbelt | 2009 | Netherlands | RCT | 24 (L/O 10/14) | -- | 23.2 (L) 30.3 (O) | FDG-PET/CT | Exposed to 16°C for 2 h |
RCT, randomized controlled trial; M, males; F, females; L, lean; O, obese; R, room temperature; C, cold; BMI, body mass index; BAT NEFA, brown adipose tissue nonesterified fatty acid uptake; EE, energy expenditure.