TABLE 2.
The effect and mechanisms of flavonoids from Astragali radix against Alzheimer’s disease.
| Flavonoids | Method | Inducer | Experimental model | Mechanisms | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quercetin | In vivo | / | APP/PS1 transgenic mice | MMP, ATP, pAMPK172↑ | Decrease plaque burden, alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction | Wang et al. (2014) |
| Thioavine-S positive compact plaques, ROS production↓ | ||||||
| Quercetin | In vivo | / | 3xTg-AD mice | C-terminal APP fragments (β), βA 1–40, βA 1–42, PHF-1, AT-8, GFAP, Iba-1↓ | Decrease extracellular β-amyloidosis, tauopathy, astrogliosis, microgliosis | Sabogal-Guáqueta et al. (2015) |
| Quercetin | In vivo | Scopolamine | Swiss mice | Population of healthy cells↑ | Inhibit apoptosis, attenuate cell injury, and neuroinflammation | Olayinka et al. (2022) |
| IL-6, TNF-α, apoptotic cells↓ | ||||||
| Quercetin | In vitro | / | CHO cells overexpressing wild-type human APP/SHSY cells | Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, sAPPβ, APP-CTFβ, BACE-1, NFκB↓ | Attenuate neuroinflammation, inhibit Aβ aggregation | Qureshi et al. (2011) |
| Calycosin | In vivo | / | APP/PS1 transgenic mice | Ach, GSH↑ amyloid beta, tau protein, TNF-α, IL-1β, AChE, MDA↓ | Inhibit Aβ aggregation and tau hyperphosphorylation, attenuate oxidative stress, and inflammatory response | Song et al. (2017) |
| FMN | In vitro | Aβ25–35 | HBMEC cells | Cell viability, Nrf2↑ | Ameliorate vascular inflammation | Fan et al. (2022) |
| VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, NFκB activation, nuclear translocation↓ | ||||||
| FMN | In vivo | / | APP/PS1 transgenic mice | LRP1, ApoJ↑ | Attenuate learning and memory deficit, inhibit Aβ production and increase clearance, alleviate oxidative stress injury, inflammatory response, neuronal cell death, neuronal injury, and improve capillary morphology | Fei et al. (2018) |
| Aβ40, Aβ42, APP, RAGE, NF-κB p65, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β↓ | ||||||
| FMN | In vitro | / | Hypoxic N2a-APP cell | Cell viability, sAβPPα, CTF-α, α-secretase activity, ADAM10, ADAM10 mature/pre-mature ratio↑ | Neuroprotection, attenuate cell damage, hypoxia-induced apoptosis, inhibit Aβ aggregation | Sun et al. (2012) |
| LDH release, caspase-3↓ | ||||||
| FMN | In vitro | Aβ25–35 | HT22 cells | Cell viability, α-secretase, sAPPα, p-Erα, p-Akt, p-GSK3↑ | Inhibit apoptosis, Aβ aggregation, and neuroprotection | Chen et al. (2017) |
| β-secretase, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3↓ |