Figure 2.

NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cardiovascular diseases to promote cardiac fibrosis. Under pathological conditions, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, and hyperglycemia, atrial fibrillation, NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts are activated, collaboratively promoting the inflammatory cascade and pyroptosis. The resultant cardiac inflammation triggers myofibroblast activation and cardiac fibrosis.