Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the included nonagenarians with hip fracture.
| Variables | Training (n = 102) |
Validation (n = 101) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age cohorts (years), No. (%) | |||
| 90–94 | 89 (87.3) | 86 (85.1) | 0.663 |
| ≥95 | 13 (12.7) | 15 (14.9) | |
| Gender (female), No. (%) | 72 (70.6) | 64 (63.4) | 0.298 |
| Length before admission (hours), No. (%) | |||
| ≤72 | 46 (45.1) | 46 (45.5) | 0.736 |
| 73–168 | 34 (33.3) | 39 (38.6) | |
| 169–504 | 16 (15.7) | 12 (11.9) | |
| >504 | 6 (5.9) | 4 (4.0) | |
| Preoperative length of stay (days), No. (%) | |||
| <2 | 47 (46.1) | 32 (31.7) | 0.029 |
| 2–3 | 16 (15.7) | 30 (29.7) | |
| >3 | 39 (38.2) | 39 (38.6) | |
| Fracture type, No. (%) | |||
| Femoral neck fracture | 37 (36.3) | 48 (47.5) | 0.119 |
| Intertrochanteric fracture | 65 (63.7) | 53 (52.5) | |
| Left/Right, No. (%) | |||
| Left | 60 (58.8) | 60 (59.4) | 1.000 |
| Right | 42 (41.2) | 41 (40.6) | |
| aCCI, mean (SD) | 5.09 ± 1.05 | 5.03 ± 1.01 | 0.687 |
| Pulse (beats/min), No. (%) | |||
| <60 | 4 (3.9) | 3 (3.0) | 0.418 |
| 60–100 | 89 (87.3) | 83 (82.2) | |
| >100 | 9 (8.8) | 15 (14.9) | |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg), No. (%) | |||
| 90–119 | 9 (8.8) | 18 (17.8) | 0.188 |
| 120–139 | 34 (33.3) | 38 (37.6) | |
| 140–159 | 30 (29.4) | 24 (23.8) | |
| 160–179 | 23 (22.5) | 14 (13.9) | |
| ≥180 | 6 (5.9) | 7 (6.9) | |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg), No. (%) | |||
| <60 | 8 (7.8) | 9 (8.9) | 0.596 |
| 60–79 | 54 (52.9) | 57 (56.4) | |
| 80–89 | 32 (31.4) | 23 (22.8) | |
| 90–99 | 7 (6.9) | 9 (8.9) | |
| 100–109 | 1 (1.0) | 3 (3.0) | |
| Cardiac function classification, No. (%) | |||
| NYHA I&II | 73 (71.5) | 68 (67.3) | 0.512 |
| NYHA III&IV | 29 (28.4) | 33 (32.7) | |
| ASA classification, No. (%) | |||
| ASA I&II | 46 (45.1) | 41 (40.6) | 0.571 |
| ASA III&IV | 56 (54.9) | 60 (59.4) | |
| Operation type, No. (%) | |||
| Hemiarthroplasty | 94 (92.2) | 97 (96.0) | 0.373 |
| Total hip arthroplasty | 8 (7.8) | 4 (4.0) | |
| Anesthesia, No. (%) | |||
| Nerve block anesthesia | 88 (86.3) | 88 (87.1) | 1.000 |
| Intravertebral anesthesia | 10 (9.8) | 9 (8.9) | |
| General anesthesia | 4 (3.9) | 4 (4.0) | |
| Operation time (min), No. (%) | |||
| <60 | 8 (7.8) | 4 (4.0) | 0.399 |
| 60–120 | 86 (84.3) | 91 (90.1) | |
| >120 | 8 (7.8) | 6 (5.9) | |
| Blood transfusion, No. (%) | 25 (24.5) | 20 (19.8) | 0.500 |
| White-cell count (×109/L), No. (%) | |||
| <4.00 | 2 (2.0) | 3 (3.0) | 0.879 |
| 4.00–10.00 | 75 (73.5) | 72 (71.3) | |
| ≥10.01 | 25 (24.5) | 26 (25.7) | |
| Platelet count (×109/L), No. (%) | |||
| <100 | 11 (10.8) | 17 (16.8) | 0.421 |
| 100–300 | 82 (80.4) | 74 (73.3) | |
| >300 | 9 (8.8) | 10 (9.9) | |
| Percentage of neutrophl >75%, No. (%) | 55 (53.9) | 66 (65.3) | 0.116 |
| Hematocrit, No. (%) | |||
| ≥40 (Male), ≥35 (Female) | 21 (20.6) | 20 (19.8) | 0.889 |
| <40 (Male), <35 (Female) | 81 (79.4) | 81 (80.2) | |
| Albumin <35 g/L, No. (%) | 65 (63.7) | 30 (70.3) | 0.371 |
| Albumin/Globulin, No. (%) | |||
| <1.2 | 56 (54.9) | 48 (47.5) | 0.292 |
| 1.2–2.4 | 45 (44.1) | 53 (52.5) | |
| >2.4 | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase >250 U/L, No. (%) | 28 (27.5) | 23 (22.8) | 0.518 |
| Alkaline phosphatase >125 U/L(Male) & >135 U/L(Female), No. (%) |
10 (9.8) | 8 (7.9) | 0.806 |
| Na+(mmol/L), No. (%) | |||
| <135 | 20 (19.6) | 20 (19.8) | 0.764 |
| 135–145 | 79 (77.5) | 80 (79.2) | |
| >145 | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.0) | |
| K+(mmol/L), No. (%) | |||
| <3.5 | 8 (7.8) | 19 (18.8) | 0.030 |
| 3.5–5.5 | 93 (91.2) | 82 (81.2) | |
| >5.5 | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Anion gap (mmol/L), No. (%) | |||
| <8 | 18 (17.6) | 23 (22.8) | 0.099 |
| 8–16 | 80 (78.4) | 78 (77.2) | |
| >16 | 4 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Creatinine ≥97 µmmol/L, No. (%) | 28 (27.5) | 19 (18.8) | 0.183 |
| Urea >8.0 mmol/L, No. (%) | 49 (48.0) | 42 (41.6) | 0.398 |
| FIB(g/L), No. (%) | |||
| <2 | 3 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.204 |
| 2–4 | 44 (43.1) | 40 (39.6) | |
| >4 | 55 (53.9) | 61 (60.4) | |
| APTT(s), No. (%) | |||
| <24 | 5 (4.9) | 1 (1.0) | 0.292 |
| 24–40 | 95 (93.1) | 99 (98.0) | |
| >40 | 2 (2.0) | 1 (1.0) | |
| TT(s), No. (%) | |||
| <11 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.0) | 0.495 |
| 11–18 | 101 (99.0) | 98 (97.0) | |
| >18 | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.0) | |
| PT1(s), No. (%) | |||
| <9.4 | 2 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.317 |
| 9.4–13.8 | 94 (92.2) | 97 (96.0) | |
| >13.8 | 6 (5.9) | 4 (4.0) | |
| PTINR, No. (%) | |||
| <0.76 | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.609 |
| 0.76–1.16 | 96 (94.1) | 98 (97.0) | |
| >1.16 | 5 (4.9) | 3 (3.0) | |
| D-dimmer >500 µg/L, No. (%) | 92 (90.2) | 98 (97.0) | 0.082 |
| CRP >10 mg/L, No. (%) | 80 (78.4) | 90 (89.1) | 0.056 |
| ESR >20 mm/60 min, No. (%) | 78 (76.5) | 81 (80.2) | 0.610 |
| Blood glucose(mmol/L), No. (%) | |||
| <3.9 | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.0) | 0.607 |
| 3.9–6.9 | 81 (79.4) | 84 (83.2) | |
| ≥7.0 | 18 (17.6) | 16 (15.8) | |
| Total bilirubin >23 µmmol/L, No. (%) | 18 (17.6) | 20 (19.8) | 0.722 |
| Ca2+ <2.11 mmol/L, No. (%) | 57 (55.9) | 62 (61.4) | 0.477 |
| cl-(mmol/L), No. (%) | |||
| <99 | 18 (17.6) | 14 (13.9) | 0.516 |
| 99–110 | 76 (74.5) | 82 (81.2) | |
| >110 | 8 (7.8) | 5 (5.0) | |
| Preoperative hemoglobin (g/L) | 104.92 ± 18.28 | 107.07 ± 19.45 | 0.419 |
| Postoperative hemoglobin (g/L) | 86.82 ± 13.28 | 89.83 ± 13.62 | 0.113 |
aCCI, age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index; ASA classification, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification; Na+, serum sodium; K+, serum potassium; Ca2+, serum calcium; cl-, serum chlorine; FIB, fibrinogen; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; TT, thrombin time; PT1, prothrombin time 1; PTINR, international normalized ratio of prothrombin time; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate.