TABLE 8.

Application of ICP-MS in the determination of heavy metal elements in medicinal materials derived from animals.

Latin name	Medical system	Therapeutic use	Main pharmacological effects	Origin of medicinal materials a	Test results
Bombyx batryticatus Bals.	Traditional Chinese medicine	Tetanus, apoplexia, headache, pharyngalgia	Anticoagulant, antithrombotic, bacteriostatic, anticonvulsant, antibacterial	Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan, Liaoning, Beijing, Jilin, Shanxi, Hebei, and Sichuan provinces or municipalities of China	The contents of Pb, Hg, As, Cd, and Cu in 10 batches of commercial medicinal materials of B. batryticatus Bals. were determined, which met the limit requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for harmful elements (Guo et al., 2012)
Bungarus parvus Blyth.	Traditional Chinese medicine	Tetanus, apoplexia	Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-tumor	—	The contents of five harmful elements of Pb, Hg, As, Cd, and Cu in eight batches of commercial medicinal materials of B. parvus Blyth. were determined. The content of Cd mostly exceeds the standard, and the content of Pb and Cu in some samples exceeds the standard (Wu et al., 2015a)
Carapax trionycis Wiegmann	Traditional Chinese medicine	Dizziness, amenorrhea	Anti-liver fibrosis and anti-cancer	Changsha, Hunan province of China	The contents of 10 inorganic elements of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Se in 10 batches of C. trionycis Wiegmann were determined. The characteristic elements of C. trionycis Wiegmann are Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, and Cu (Ma et al., 2011)
Cervus elaphus Linnaeus	Traditional Chinese medicine	Dizziness, lumbago	Anti-mammary hyperplasia, gastric mucosal protection, anti-osteoporosis, anti-senile dementia	—	The contents of eight trace elements of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Sr, and Se in C. elaphus Linnaeus gum and C. reevesii Gray gum were determined. The recoveries of eight elements (n = 6) were 88.89%–105.31%, the detection limit was low, and the RSD was less than 6.0% (Wang et al., 2018b)
Chinemys reevesii Gray	Traditional Chinese medicine	Bleeding, arrhythmia	Promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis	—
Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker	Traditional Chinese medicine	Liver disease and tumor	Antithrombotic, anticoagulant, anti-tumor, and anti-ischemia	—	The contents of harmful elements in E. sinensis Walker were Hg 0.11 mg/kg, Cu 272.20 mg/kg, Cd 0.04 mg/kg, Pb 2.08 mg/kg, As 1.19 mg/kg, respectively (Cao et al., 2019)
Gekko gecko Linnaeus	Traditional Chinese medicine	Hemoptysis, impotence, spermatorrhea, and asthma	Anti-tumor	—	The contents of B, Na, Al, Mg, P, K, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Tb, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, In, Ba, La, Ce, Hg, Pb, Bi, and Th in G. gecko Linnaeus were determined. The contents of Ca, P, K, Na, and Mg are the highest in major elements, and the contents of Fe, Zn, Se, Cr, and Cu are the highest in essential trace elements (Yao et al., 2010)
Haliotis discus Reeve.	Traditional Chinese medicine	Vertigo	Antibacterial, antioxidant, and antihypertensive	Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Fujian Provinces or autonomous regions of China	The contents of 15 rare earth elements of Y, Tb, La, Dy, Ce, Ho, Pr, Er, Nd, Tm, Sm, Yb, Eu, and Lu in H. discus Reeve., H. cumingii Lea., O. gigas Tnunb. were determined. The linearity of each element in the corresponding range is good (r > 0.999), the precision is good (RSD < 4%, n = 6), and the recovery of each element is 97.0%–105.0% (Chen et al., 2014a)
Hyriopsis cumingii Lea.	Traditional Chinese medicine	Anabrosis	Antibacterial and antioxidant	Guangxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang Provinces or autonomous regions of China
Ostrea gigas Tnunb.	Traditional Chinese medicine	Insomnia, headache, dizziness, stomachache	Antioxidant, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic	Guangxi, Hebei, Guangdong, Fujian, Liaoning, and Zhejiang provinces or autonomous regions of China
Spongilla fragilis Leidy.	Traditional Chinese medicine	Impotence, spermatorrhea	Bacteriostasis	—	The contents of Hg, Cu, Cd, Pd, and As in S. fragilis Leidy. were determined. For each determined element, the correlation coefficient of the standard curve is r = 0.998–0.9999, the recovery is 80.3%–105.2%, and the RSD value is 0.5%–12.1% (Li, 2018a)
Aspongopus chinensis Dallas.	Traditional Chinese medicine	Stomachache, hepatodynia, impotence	Antibacterial, anti-tumor, and antioxidant	—	The contents of Be, V, Co, Ni, Ga, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cs, U, Cu, Co, Ni, Ga, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cs, and U in A. chinensis Dallas., E. sinensis Walker, P. asiatica Perrier., P. olivaceus DeGeer. were determined. The residues of four kinds of medicinal materials derived from animals were higher (Li et al., 2020b)
Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker	Traditional Chinese medicine	Traumatic injury, fracture, amenorrhea	Antithrombotic, anticoagulant, anti-tumor, and anti-ischemia	—
Pheretima asiatica Perrier.	Traditional Chinese medicine	Asthma, cough, edema, hypertension	Anti-inflammation, antithrombotic, heart protection, anti-tumor, and improvement of the respiratory system	—
Polistes olivaceus DeGeer.	Traditional Chinese medicine	Toothache, rheumatism	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-ulcer and anti-virus	—

^aNote: the origin of medicinal materials recorded in the table is collected from the articles.

If the origin of medicinal materials is not recorded in the articles, it is indicated by “—.”