FIGURE 2.

NOD mice have altered Ca²⁺ signaling as early as 9 weeks of age. Representative plots of intracellular Ca²⁺ as measured by fluorescence intensity at 11 mM glucose in 5 individual cells in the same islet over time in 9-week old (A) NOD-RAG1KO (black, n = 3–4) and (B) NOD (red, n = 3–5) mice. Quantification of the fraction of the islet area showing intracellular Ca²⁺ activity at (C) 2 mM glucose, (D) 5 mM glucose, and (E) 11 mM glucose in isolated islets from 6, 9, and 12-week old NOD and NOD-RAG1KO mice. (F) Quantification of the fraction of the islet area with coordinated Ca²⁺ oscillations at 11 mM glucose in isolated islets from 6, 9, and 12-week old NOD and NOD-RAG1KO mice. Data in C-F represents the mean ± SEM. Data from individual mice are represented by black and red squares for NOD-RAG1KO and NOD mice respectively (n = 3–6). p < 0.05 is significant as determined by ANOVA. All animals are female unless otherwise noted.