Table 1.
Body composition characteristics and macronutrient values (mean ± SD) of the experimental group (EG, n = 12) and control group (CG, n = 12) measured before the start of Ramadan (T0), on the 15th day of Ramadan (T1), at the end of Ramadan (T2) and after Ramadan (T3).
| Parameters | Groups | T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight (kg) | CG | 99.4 ± 1.4 | 99.3 ± 2.4 | 97.9 ± 1.2 | 100.2 ± 2.7• |
| EG | 98.5 ± 1.1• | 98.2 ± 1.4• | 96.2 ± 1.3 | 96.8 ± 1.7 | |
| Body mass index (kg·m−2) | CG | 36.17 ± 1.20 | 36.15 ± 1.47 | 35.64 ± 1.55 | 36.49 ± 1.67• |
| EG | 35.37 ± 1.67• | 35.26 ± 1.78• | 34.55 ± 1.72 | 34.75 ± 1.61 | |
| Body fat (kg) | CG | 21.13 ± 1.61 | 21.02 ± 2.16 | 20.34 ± 1.93 | 21.71 ± 2.21• |
| EG | 20.03 ± 2.86• | 19.87 ± 3.05• | 18.81 ± 2.96 | 19.10 ± 2.75 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | CG | 99.91 ± 5.97 | 97.91 ± 6.32 | 97.87 ± 5.09 | 98.5 ± 6.99 |
| EG | 98.16 ± 2.48 | 97.5 ± 1.31 | 96.08 ± 1.56 | 97.91 ± 1.24 | |
| Central obesity index (cm) | CG | 0.60 ± 0.03 | 0.586 ± 0.04 | 0.592 ± 0.02 | 0.586 ± 0.01 |
| EG | 0.59 ± 0.03 | 0.59 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.01 | 0.59 ± 0.01 | |
| Energy (kcal/day) | CG | 2,309.7 ± 157.0 | 2,374.08 ± 211.1 | 2,311.6 ± 203.8 | 2,308.5 ± 201.3 |
| EG | 2,349.9 ± 198.8 | 2,265.3 ± 142.9 | 2,319.8 ± 248.2 | 2,281.4 ± 170.1 | |
| Protein (g/d) | CG | 117.70 ± 8.22 | 112.23 ± 14.62 | 102.7 ± 14.50 | 105.8 ± 14.62 |
| EG | 114.70 ± 11.4 | 110.18 ± 11.27 | 94.28 ± 93.76 | 103.09 ± 14.32 | |
| Fat (g/d) | CG | 111.48 ± 18.48 | 109.25 ± 18.63 | 111.25 ± 14.75 | 110.45 ± 17.35 |
| EG | 111.12 ± 21.24 | 112.27 ± 20.18 | 107.47 ± 16.03 | 114.25 ± 23.23 | |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | CG | 478.2 ± 23.5 | 473.2 ± 25.2 | 470.06 ± 16.6 | 470.8 ± 26.8 |
| EG | 474.3 ± 16.13 | 466.6 ± 20.33 | 465.7 ± 25.36 | 470.9 ± 12.55 |
•, Significant difference compared to T2.