Figure 3.

A summarized figure demonstrating the mechanisms of gut microbiome regulating HCC development. Section 1 Commensal bacteria regulate the metabolism of primary and secondary bile acids to control NKT accumulation via CXCL16. Section 2 LPS arising from gram-negative bacteria activate the NF-κB signaling pathway and produce a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LTA in gram-positive bacteria collaboratively with DCA upregulate SASP and COX-2 through TLR2 in HSCs, COX2 mediated PGE₂ attenuate anti-tumor immunity through PTGER4.