SCFA attenuates NLRP3 activation through GPR43 signaling in HL-1 cells. (A) Representative western blot of GPR43, p-CaMKII, CaMKII, NLRP3, pro-caspase-1, cleaved-caspase-1, IL-1β, K48- and K63-linked ubiquitylation and TGF-β in HL-1 cells treated with or without LPS (500 ng/ml), nigericin (10 µM) and SCFA, including sodium propionate (0.5 mM), sodium butyrate (0.5 mM) and sodium acetate (10 mM) (n=3-9). (B) Representative western blot of GPR43, p-CaMKII, CaMKII, NLRP3, pro-caspase-1, cleaved-caspase-1, IL-1β, ubiquitination with both K48- and K63-linked ubiquitin chains and TGF-β in HL-1 cells treated with or without siGPR43, siControl, LPS, nigericin and SCFA (sodium propionate, sodium butyrate and sodium acetate) (n=3-5). GAPDH as an endogenous control. A.U., arbitrary units. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001; data are mean±SEM; student's t-test.