Table 1.
Published Studies on Biogenesis of monocyte-macrophage (MC-Mφ) lineage derived EVs in osteogenesis
| Source and Kind | Methods: isolated and identified | Specific Cargo | Target cells and Genes | Function | Signaling Pathway | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| human monocytes-EVs | ·The miRCURY™ Exosome Isolation Kit OR ultracentrifugation: 120,000g for 2h, filtration through a 0.1-μm filter ·TEM, Western blot (CD90, TSG101, CD63 and Hsp70) |
- | ·Human ATMSCs and Human BMSCs | Osteogenesis ↑ | MC‐EVs→MSC various cytokines by MSCs↑ (CXC chemokines and IL-1) → expression of MMPs↑ →Osteogenesis ↑ |
Arjen Gebraad, 2018 |
| human monocytes-EVs | ·Centrifuged: 16,500g for 20 min, followed by filtration through a 0.22 µm filter ·Western blot (Hsp70, Tsg101 calnexin and Grp94), Flow cytometry (CD63, CD9, CD81) and Bioanalyzer analysis |
- | ·Human BMSCs | Osteogenesis ↑ | Human monocytes-EVs improve the secretion of RUNX2 and BMP-2 in hBMSCs, promoting osteogenic differentiation | Karin Ekström, 2013 |
| Mouse M0 macrophages-EVs | ·Centrifuged: 2,000g for 30 min, and total exosome isolation reagent, then centrifuged at 10,000g for 60 min at 4 °C TEM, NTA, Western blot (CD81, CD63, CD9 and Alix) |
- | ·Mouse BMSCs | No significant influence on the proliferation of BMSCs | - | Yu Xia, 2020 |
| Mouse M1 macrophages-EVs | ·Centrifuged: 2,000g for 30 min, and total exosome isolation reagent, then centrifuged at 10,000g for 60 min at 4 °C TEM, NTA, Western blot (CD81, CD63, CD9 and Alix) |
- | ·Mouse BMSCs | Osteogenesis ↑ | M1-EVs promoted the proliferation of BMSCs (7-day time) | Yu Xia, 2020 |
| Mouse M2 macrophages-EVs | ·Centrifuged: 2,000g for 30 min, and total exosome isolation reagent, then centrifuged at 10,000g for 60 min at 4 °C ·TEM, NTA, Western blot (CD81, CD63, CD9 and Alix) |
- | ·Mouse BMSCs | Osteogenesis ↓ | M2-EVs impaired the proliferation of BMSCs (7-day time) | Yu Xia, 2020 |
| M2 macrophages-EVs | ·Ultracentrifugation ·TEM, DLS, flow cytometry (CD63, CD81) |
miR-5106 | ·Mouse BMSCs ·SIK2 and SIK3 |
Osteogenesis ↑ | M2-EVs containing miR-5106 promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSC via suppressing the expression of SIK2 and SIK3 | Yuan Xiong, 2020 |
| Mouse M2 macrophages-EVs | ·MinuteTM efficient exosome precipitation reagent purchased from Inent Biotechnologies Company ·TEM, NTA, Western blot (CD81, CD63) |
miR-690 | ·Mouse BMSCs ·IRS-1 and TAZ |
Osteogenesis ↑ | M2-EVs delivered miR-690 into BMSCs and increased the expression of IRS-1 and TAZ | Ziyi Li, 2021 |
| Osteoclasts-EVs | ·Ultracentrifugation: 2000g for 20 min, 20,000g for 30 min, 120,000g for 70 min at 4 °C ORTotal Exosome Isolation Kit:10,000g for 1h at 2-8 °C ·Dynamic light scattering, Western blot (HSP70, TSG101, TFIIB and LaminA/C) and Flow cytometry (CD963) |
mir-214 | ·Osteoblast ·EphrinA2/EphA2 |
Osteogenesis ↓ | OC-EVs containing miR-214 though ephrinA2/EphA2 ligand induced osteoblast dysfunction, and the down-regulation can be rescue by Rab27a small interfering RNA | Weijian Sun, 2016 |
| Osteoclasts-EVs | ·Ultracentrifugation: 300g for 10 min, 820g for 15 min, 10,000g for 5 min at 4 °C and passage through a 0.8-μm syringe filter to remove cell debris, and final centrifugation at 100,000g for 2h at 4 °C | miR-214-3p | ·Osteoblast | Osteogenesis ↓ | Osteoclast-derived exosomal miR-214-3p could be transferred into osteoblasts to inhibit osteoblastic bone formation | Defang Li 2016 |
| Osteoclasts-EVs | ·Ultracentrifugation: 2000g for 15 min, 12,000g for 15min at 4 °C and 100,000g for 2h at 4 °C ·TEM, NTA, Western blot (Lamin A/C, histone 3 CD81 and TSG101) |
·miR-324 | ·Mouse BMSCs ·ARHGAP1 |
Osteogenesis ↑ | Osteoclast-derived exosomal down-regulated ARHGAP1 in the RhoA/ROCK pathway to promote osteogenic differentiation | Mengmeng Li ang, 2021 |