Table 3.

The overall effect of microbiota on intestinal I/R

Intestinal microbiota treatment		Species	Main effects	References
Antibiotic treatment & germ-free mice	Antibiotic treatment	Mice	Depletion of gut commensal bacteria attenuated intestinal inflammation and injury following I/R.	58
	Antibiotic treatment & germ-free mice	Mice	Gut microbiota suppressed NETing neutrophil hyperreactivity in mesenteric I/R injury, while ensuring immunovigilance by enhancing neutrophil recruitment.	59
	Rapamycin antibiotic treatment	Mice	Rapamycin treatment improved mortality following intestinal I/R via the inhibition of remote lung inflammation in mice.	60
	Ampicillin antibiotic treatment	Mice	Depletion of commensal bacteria by ampicillin resulted in inhibition of injury, neutrophil infiltration, and TNF-α expression.	106
	Antibiotic treatment	Mice	Commensal bacteria deletion improved mice survival in the early phase, but failed to improve the overall survival at 96 h after intestinal I/R.	61
	Germ-free mice	Mice	The lack of intestinal microbiota is accompanied by a state of active IL-10-mediated inflammatory hyporesponsiveness.	107
FMT	Schaedler flora (ASF)	Mice	ASF-colonized mice showed reduced leukocyte adherence in I/R injury.	62