Table 2.
List of Studies Discussed Probing the Impact of Personal Experience, Financial Hardship, and Time Use on Psychological Distress, Self-Harm, Subjective Well-Being, and Loneliness/Social Connection During COVID-19
| Outcome and study | Sample | Timing of data collection | Nature of the data | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Location | |||
| Personal experience | ||||
| Anxiety | ||||
| Cao et al. (2020) | 7,143 | China a | Jan or Feb 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Li et al. (2020) | 17,865 | China (Weibo users) | T1: Jan 13, 2020; T2: Jan 26, 2020 | Longitudinal |
| Planchuelo-Gómez et al. (2020) | 1,056 | Spain | T1: Mar/Apr 2020; T2: Apr/May 2020 | Longitudinal |
| Wathelet et al. (2020) | 69,054 | France a | Apr–May 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Depression | ||||
| Iob, Frank, et al. (2020) | 51,417 | U.K. | Mar–Apr 2020 | Longitudinal |
| Li et al. (2020) | 17,865 | China (Weibo users) | T1: Jan 13, 2020; T2: Jan 26, 2020 | Longitudinal |
| Wathelet et al. (2020) | 69,054 | France a | Apr–Mar 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Distress | ||||
| Pierce et al. (2020) b | >50,000 | U.K. c | Apr 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Suicidal thoughts | ||||
| Iob, Steptoe, et al. (2020) | 44,774 | U.K. | Mar–Apr 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Wathelet et al. (2020) | 69,054 | France a | Apr–May 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Financial hardship | ||||
| Anxiety | ||||
| Cao et al. (2020) | 7,143 | China a | Jan or Feb 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Wathelet et al. (2020) | 69,054 | France a | Apr–May 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Depression | ||||
| Wathelet et al. (2020) | 69,054 | France a | Apr–May 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Suicidal thoughts | ||||
| Wathelet et al. (2020) | 69,054 | France a | Apr–May 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Time use | ||||
| Anxiety | ||||
| Bu, Steptoe, Mak, & Fancourt (2020) | 35,712 | U.K. | T1: Mar 2020; After: Weekly | Longitudinal |
| Gao et al. (2020) | 4,872 | China | Jan–Feb 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Huckins et al. (2020) | 178 | U.S. a | T1: Aug–Nov 2018; T2: Jan 2020 | Longitudinal |
| Planchuelo-Gómez et al. (2020) | 1,056 | Spain | T1: Mar/Apr 2020; T2: Apr/May 2020 | Longitudinal |
| Wathelet et al. (2020) | 69,054 | France a | Apr–May 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Depression | ||||
| Bu, Steptoe, Mak, & Fancourt (2020) | 35,712 | U.K. | T1: Mar 2020; After: Weekly | Longitudinal |
| Ebrahimi et al. (2021) b | 10,061 | Norway | Mar–Apr 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Huckins et al. (2020) | 178 | U.S. a | T1: Aug–Nov 2018; T2: Jan 2020 | Longitudinal |
| Martinez et al. (2020) | 1,613 | Brazil | May 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Wathelet et al., 2020 | 69,054 | France a | Apr–May 2020 | Cross-sectional |
| Happiness | ||||
| Giurge et al. (2021) b | 30,018 | International | Mar–June 2020 | Longitudinal |
| Negative affect | ||||
| Lades et al. (2020) | 604 | Ireland | Mar 2020 | Cross-sectional |
Note: T1 = Time 1; T2 = Time 2; T3 = Time 3; T4 = Time 4.
a
This was a college-student sample.
b
These studies were preregistered.
c
These were nationally representative or probability-based samples.