Table 4.

Drugs known to cause interactions with vasoconstrictors and potential associated effects

Drug	Effect
Beta blockers (drugs that end in -olol) Ex. metoprolol, propranolol, labetalol, bisoprolol, atenolol	Beta-blockers block beta-adrenergic receptors and can produce unrecognised and unopposed alpha-adrenergic receptor agonism with corresponding hypertension when epinephrine is present.
Volatile anaesthetics (drugs that end in -ane) Ex. halothane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, desflurane	Volatile anaesthetics sensitise the myocardium to catecholamines – cardiac arrhythmias can be induced with the injection of exogenous epinephrine.
Amphetamines (names vary) Ex. cocaine, methamphetamine	Amphetamines increase blood pressure and can cause cardiac arrhythmias by themselves with the potential for adverse event synergism from epinephrine.
Tricyclic antidepressants (names vary) Ex. amitriptyline, imipramine, trimipramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, desipramine	Tricyclic antidepressants increase the systemic circulation of catecholamines and can lead to systemic hypertension when supplementary epinephrine is present.