. 2021 Feb 20;72(1):58–66. doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2021.01.005

Table 3.

Mean PL less 2 SD (Bates's ‘RL’), and the mean PL less 1 SD, both expressed as percentages of the PL. The last column creates a ‘safety limit’ based on the mean percentage of the PL less 1 SD as being clinically valid.

Clasp type	Tooth type	Bates RL (g) (= mean PL less 2 SD)	RL as % of PL	Mean PL less 1 SD	PL less 1 SD as % of PL	Safety limit: 82% of mean PL
0.9-mm Leowire	premolar	572	57	787	79	822
0.9-mm Leowire	molar	443	36	831	68	1000
1.0-mm Leowire	premolar	664	59	897	79	927
1.0-mm Leowire	molar	693	81	774	90	702
0.9-mm Remanium Hard	premolar	473	53	685	76	735
0.9-mm Remanium Hard	molar	550	79	625	89	573
1.0-mm Remanium Hard	premolar	578	67	718	84	703
1.0-mm Remanium Hard	molar	631	69	773	84	751
0.9-mm Noninium	premolar	467	81	520	91	470
0.9-mm Noninium	molar	458	65	582	83	578
Vitallium	premolar	792	54	1125	77	1195
Vitallium	molar	768	59	1039	79	1074
		Mean	63	Mean	82

PL = proportional limit; RL = realistic limit; SD = standard deviation.