Table 4.

Chlorhexidine (CHX) usage regarding dental implant surgery and peri-implantitis.^6,18,25

Clinical condition	Recommended treatment	Active ingredient(s)	Instructions for use
Gingivitis	Antimicrobial, as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control	0.12% CHX	15 mL oral rinse, swish and spit for 30 seconds, 2 times a day (mornings and evenings) following toothbrushing and/or scaling and root planing (SRP) 2-4 weeks, with a maximum of 30 days before reevaluation, if deemed necessary by the practitioner.
Prophylactic in periodontal, implant, and extraction surgeries (presurgical and postsurgical)	Antimicrobial, as an adjunct to proper surgical technique	0.12% or 0.2% CHX	0.2% CHX 10 mL rinse for 30 seconds immediately before surgery, and 0.12% CHX 15 mL rinse for 60 seconds twice a day following surgery for a maximum of 2 weeks depending on procedure performed.
Oral candidiasis	Antimicrobial, soak dentures in use mouthwash	0.2% CHX	Soak dentures in mouthwash for 15 minutes once or twice a day.
Halitosis	Antimicrobial, as an adjunct to oral hygiene and antibiotics	0.12% or 0.2% CHX	0.2% CHX 10 mL rinse for 30 seconds.
Prophylaxis in the transmission of COVID-19	Antimicrobial, as preprocedural rinse in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission	0.12% or 0.2% CHX	0.2% or 0.12% CHX 10 mL rinse for 60 seconds, prior to procedure.

Note: Chlorhexidine can shift the oral microbiome to biofilms where Fusobacterium can predominate. Therefore, this should be closely monitored by a dental practitioner if incorporated as an adjunct.