Table 1.
Summary of studies that used graph analysis in patients with FTD.
| Reference | Sample | Mean Age | MMSE | Modality | Network size | Connectivity measures | Binary(B)/ weighted (W) | Global properties |
Local properties |
Hub (H)/ modularity (M) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agosta et al. (14) | 50 controls 18 bvFTD | 61 ± 9 61 ± 8 |
29 ± 1 21 ± 7 |
rs-fMRI | 90 ROIs grouped into 8 macro-areas | Pearson's correlation | B | Clust_C, Lp global_E, Ass mean deg |
deg Bc | H |
| Agosta et al. (15) | 50 controls 13 svPPA | 61.0 ± 9.0 59.4 ± 9.6 |
22.2 ± 7.2 29.0 ± 1.0 |
rs-fMRI | 90 ROIs | Pearson's correlation | B | Clust_C, Lp global_E, Ass mean deg, SW |
deg Bc | H |
| Daianu et al. (16) | 37 controls 20 bvFTD 23 EOAD | 59.4 ± 9.6 60.7 ± 10.7 59.6 ± 8.8 |
29.1 ± 0.9 24.1 ± 4.7 23.4 ± 4.2 |
DTI | 68 ROIs | Fiber density FA MD |
W | Rich club organization | deg | – |
| Sedeno et al. (17) | 12 controls 14 bvFTD 10 stroke | 62.58 ± 6.30 66.42 ± 6.83 54.50 ± 9.80 |
29.08 ± 1.44 25.50 ± 3.87 28.80 ± 1.09 |
rs-fMRI | 116 ROIs grouped into 7 networks | Wavelet analysis |
B | Average Bc | – | – |
| Sedeno et al. (18) | Site 1: 16 controls 16 bvFTD 13 FIS; Site 2: 29 controls 17 bvFTD 8 PPA; Site 3: 15 Controls 14 bvFTD 15 AD | 63.50 ± 7.22 69.37 ± 7.29 62.77 ± 10.4 61.30 ± 7.16 65.23 ± 8.29 60.12 ± 5.81 69.13 ± 6.59 65.33 ± 9.12 64.07 ± 7.34 |
– | rs-fMRI | 90 ROIs | Pearson's correlation | B/W | Lp Clust_C |
deg Bc CC | – |
| Filippi et al. (19) | 32 controls 38 bvFTD 37 EOAD | 62.3 ± 2.6 63.8 ± 7.3 62.1 ± 3.9 |
29.3 ± 0.8 22.7 ± 5.8 19.3 ± 4.9 |
rs-fMRI | 220 ROIs grouped into 6 macro-areas | Pearson's correlation | W | Clust_C, Lp local_E mean strength |
Clust_C, Lp mean strength local_E | - |
| Vijverberg et al. (20) | 59 bvFTD 90 AD 74 SCD | 62.1 ± 6.0 63.1 ± 6.1 61.3 ± 6.6 |
24.6 ± 3.5 21.1 ± 5.0 28.3 ± 1.9 |
T1 weighted | 90 ROIs | Intra-cortical similarity | B | deg, Lp Clust_C, Bc SW |
deg, Lp Clust_C Bc | - |
| Mandelli et al. (21) | 20 controls 20 nfvPPA | 68.6 ± 6.0 68.8 ± 7.3 |
29.1 ± 1.5 26.2 ± 3.7 |
rs-fMRI | 110 regions belonging to the speech production network | Pearson's correlation | – | global_E Lp Ass |
deg Bc | H M |
| Reyes et al. (22) | 32 controls 50 bvFTD 14 svPPA 22 nfvPPA | 61.25 ± 7.28 65.85 ± 8.1 60.3 ± 7.65 63.63 ± 6.87 |
28.86 ± 1.27 22.47 ± 6.5 16.67 ± 7.66 16.9 ± 6.92 |
rs-fMRI | 90 ROIs | Pearson's correlation | W | global_E Lp, deg, Clust_C, Bc |
– | – |
| Saba et al. (23) | 39 controls 41 bvFTD | 61.7 ± 6.5 65.6 ± 7.01 |
– | rs-fMRI | 116 ROIs | Wavelet correlation | B (MST) | Maximum deg, maximum Bc, diameter, Ecc, Ass, deg leaf fraction |
– | – |
| Malpetti et al. (24) | 82 controls 82 bvFTD | 67.93 ± 6.95 69.37 ± 7.73 |
68.7 ± 1.5 71.4 ± 2.2 |
FDG-PET | 121 ROIs | Metabolic connectivity | – | – | – | H M |
| Tao et al. (25) | 17 controls 18 nfvPPA 15 lvPPA 9 svPPA | 65 ± 8.18 69 ± 5.37 64 ± 8.12 69 ± 5.25 |
- | rs-fMRI | 76 ROIs | Pearson's correlation | B | global_E, Lp Ass, Clust_C SW |
Lp Clust_C | H |
| Zhou et al. (26) | 20 controls 64 bvFTD | 68.7 ± 1.5 71.8 ± 1.7 |
29.50 ± 0.1 20.08 ± 4.35 |
SPECT | 90 ROIs | Pearson's correlation | B | global_E SW |
local_E Bc deg | H |
| Nigro et al. (27) | 20 controls 25 bvFTD | 63.60 ± 5.90 66.92 ± 7.69 |
27.90 ± 1.68 20.80 ± 5.57 |
T1 | 82 ROIs | Joint variation | W | SW | local_E Clust_C deg | - |
| Ng et al. (29) | 47 controls 14 bvFTD 50 AD | 63.20 ± 5.00 62.05 ± 5.47 65.45 ± 5.87 |
29.02 ± 1.15 20.82 ± 5.66 21.21 ± 6.72 |
rs-fMRI | 141 ROIs | Pearson's correlation | W | - | deg, local_E within-module deg partic_c | M |
| Nigro et al. (28) | 110 controls 34 svPPA 34 nfvPPA | 63.12 ± 7.49 62.91 ± 6.29 68.32 ± 7.27 |
29.35 ± 0.77 24.97 ± 5.10 25.54 ± 4.04 |
T1 | 82 ROIs | Joint variation | W | SW | local_E Clust_C deg | H |
bvFTD, behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia; svPPA, semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia; nfvPPA, non-fluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia; lvPPA, logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia; PPA, primary progressive aphasia; EOAD, early-onset Alzheimer's disease; FIS, fronto-insular stroke; AD, Alzheimer's disease; SCD, subjective cognitive decline; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; rs-fMRI, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; FDG-PET, F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography; SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography; ROI, region of interest; Clust_C, clustering coefficient; Lp, path length; E, efficiency; Ass, assortativity; deg, degree; SW, small-worldness index; Bc, betweenness centrality; Ecc, eccentricity.