Figure 2.

GAA attenuates apoptosis of NP cells treated with H₂O_2.

(a) Annexin V-FITC staining of NP cells treated or not with 400 μM H₂O₂ for 24 h after pretreatment without or with 4 or 8 μM GAA for 1 h. (b) Western blot analysis showing Bax, caspase-3, and Bcl-2 expression levels after treatment with different doses of GAA (with or without 400 μM H₂O₂ stimulation) for 24 h. (c) TUNEL assay was measured in NP cells as treated above. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, as compared to control. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, as compared to H₂O₂.