Table 3.
Comparison of maternal and neonatal outcomes, and assessment of relative risks (RR) in women with risk of developing gestational hypertension in Control group and Study group in the perinatal period.
| Parameters | Control group (n = 113) | Study group (n = 121) | Relative risk (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | Number (%) | |||
| Maternal outcomes | ||||
| Developed HDP | 43 (38.1) | 8 (6.61) | 3.93 (2.06–7.51) | 0.001 |
| i. Developed GH 29 (25.66) | 29 (25.66) | 8 (6.61) | 2.65 (1.42–4.95) | < 0.001 |
| ii. Developed Preeclampsia | 11 (9.73) | Nil (0) | 0.45 (0.39–0.52) | < 0.001 |
| iii. Developed Eclampsia | 3 (2.65) | Nil (0) | 0.47 (0.41–0.54) | 0.071 |
| Premature delivery | ||||
| (< 36 weeks of gestation) | 3 (2.65) | Nil (0) | 0.47 (0.41–0.54) | 0.071 |
| Pregnancy complications | ||||
| IUGR | 7 (6.19) | 1 (0.82) | 4.24 (0.67–26.67) | 0.024 |
| PROM | 3 (2.65) | Nil (0) | 0.47 (0.41–0.54) | 0.071 |
| Other complications | 4 (3.53) | Nil (0) | 0.47 (0.41–0.54) | 0.037 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| SVD | 85 (75.22) | 117(96.69) | 0.21(0.08–0.54) | < 0.001 |
| LSCS | 25 (22.12) | 4 (3.31) | 4.13 (1.65–10.35) | < 0.001 |
| Instrumental delivery | 3 (2.65) | Nil (0) | 0.47 (0.41– 0.545) | 0.071 |
| Duration of labor* | ||||
| 1st stage labor | 653.98 ± 128.48 | 401.48 ± 129.43 | < 0.001 | |
| 2nd stage labor | 45.48 ± 13.04 | 39.29 ± 12.13 | 0.002 | |
| Total duration of labor | 699.46 ± 127.77 | 440.78 ± 129.27 | <0.001 | |
| Comfort during labor | ||||
| †By Numeric Pain Rating Scale* | 6.69 ± 3.68 | 5.35 ± 1.44 | 0.003 | |
| †By Pain Mastery Scale | ||||
| (i) No Pain | Nil (0) | Nil (0) | ||
| (ii) Manageable pain | 3 (2.9) | 99 (97.1) | 0.17 (0.11–0.25) | <0.001 |
| (iii) Bearable pain | 31 (63.3) | 18 (36.7) | 1.51 (1.02–2.23) | 0.018 |
| (iv) Unbearable pain | 54 (32.8) | Nil (0) | 0.32 (0.26–0.40) | <0.001 |
| Neonatal Outcomes | ||||
| Birth weight (kg)* | 2.76 ± 0.34 | 2.91 ± 0.35 | 0.001 | |
| < 2.5 kg | 14 (12.38) | 4 (3.30) | 0.41 (0.17–0.98) | 0.009 |
| 2.5–3.4 kg | 99 (87.61) | 117 (96.70) | 0.41 (0.17–0.98) | 0.009 |
| ≥ 3.5 kg | Nil (0) | Nil (0) | ||
| APGAR score at 1st min | ||||
| <7 | 12 (10.61) | 2 (1.76) | 3.78 (1.04–13.73) | 0.004 |
| ≥ 7 | 101(89.38) | 119 (98.34) | 3.78 (1.04–13.73) | 0.004 |
| APGAR score at 5th min | ||||
| ≥ 7 | 113 (100) | 121 (100) | ||
| RDS | 3 (2.65) | Nil (0) | 0.47 (0.41–0.54) | 0.071 |
| NICU admission | 5 (4.42) | Nil (0) | 0.47 (0.41–0.54) | 0.019 |
The data are presented as number and percentage. * The duration of labor, assessment of comfort during labor by NPRS (Numeric Pain Rating Scale), and birth weight are expressed in Mean ± SD and comparison of these continuous data was done by independent t test.
P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
HDP hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, GH gestational hypertension, IUGR intrauterine growth retardation, PROM premature rupture of membrane, SVD spontaneous vaginal delivery, LSCS lower segment caesarean section, APGAR appearance, pulse rate, grimace, activity and respiration, RDS respiratory distress syndrome, NICU neonatal intensive care unit.
†Numeric pain rating scale ranges from 0 to 10. The scale 0 represents “no pain”, 1 to 3 represents “mild pain”, 4 to 6 represents “moderate pain” and 7 to 10 represents “severe pain”. Pain mastery scale has 4 grading of pain: no pain, manageable pain, bearable pain and unbearable pain.