Table 5.
Descriptive statistics and ANCOVA results of Post-Test (after 20 weeks of intervention) biochemical parameters between the control (pregnant women with risks of GH receiving routine standard antenatal care alone) and study group (pregnant women with risks of GH receiving routine standard antenatal care + Yoga) subjects.
| Parameters | Pre-test | Post-test | Condition effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Adjusted mean | F | P | Partial eta2 | |
| Glucose-related parameters | ||||||
| FBG (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Control | 77.76 ± 6.81 | 84.81 ± 6.42 | 84.85 | |||
| Study | 77.95 ± 6.75 | 75.12 ± 6.75 | 75.09 | 148.797 | < 0.001 | 0.392 |
| HbA1c (g%) | ||||||
| Control | 4.83 ± 0.56 | 5.78 ± 0.65 | 5.77 | |||
| Study | 4.85 ± 0.60 | 4.78 ± 0.55 | 4.76 | 50.120 | < 0.001 | 0.180 |
| Insulin (μIU/ml) | ||||||
| Control | 14.49 ± 5.68 | 16.24 ± 7.92 | 16.22 | |||
| Study | 14.28 ± 5.44 | 11.81 ± 5.33 | 11.83 | 25.453 | < 0.001 | 0.099 |
| HOMA-IR | ||||||
| Control | 2.78 ± 1.17 | 3.38 ± 1.69 | 3.38 | |||
| Study | 2.75 ± 1.10 | 2.18 ± 1.00 | 2.19 | 44.587 | < 0.001 | 0.162 |
| Lipid profile | ||||||
| TC (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Control | 234.27 ± 36.40 | 240.66 ± 38.61 | 240.70 | |||
| Study | 234.55 ± 36.58 | 216.41 ± 33.75 | 216.40 | 26.133 | < 0.001 | 0.102 |
| TG (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Control | 140.08 ± 43.84 | 157.27 ± 46.97 | 157.30 | |||
| Study | 141.14 ± 45.18 | 136.71 ± 40.95 | 136.70 | 12.725 | < 0.001 | 0.052 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Control | 56.87 ± 12.57 | 49.32 ± 7.91 | 49.28 | |||
| Study | 55.36 ± 12.29 | 59.64 ± 14.69 | 59.67 | 44.127 | < 0.001 | 0.160 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Control | 97.43 ± 16.47 | 105.06 ± 18.49 | 104.90 | |||
| Study | 95.40 ± 15.37 | 80.41 ± 12.28 | 80.54 | 144.224 | < 0.001 | 0.384 |
| VLDL-C (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Control | 28.02 ± 8.63 | 31.45 ± 9.39 | 31.45 | |||
| Study | 28.23 ± 8.52 | 27.34 ± 8.19 | 27.34 | 12.725 | < 0.001 | 0.052 |
| Lipid risk factors | ||||||
| TC/HDL-C | ||||||
| Control | 4.33 ± 1.20 | 5.01 ± 1.14 | 5.01 | |||
| Study | 4.39 ± 0.99 | 3.85 ± 1.10 | 3.85 | 62.097 | < 0.001 | 0.212 |
| LDL-C/HDL-C | ||||||
| Control | 1.79 ± 0.51 | 2.16 ± 0.47 | 2.16 | |||
| Study | 1.80 ± 0.46 | 1.44 ± 0.45 | 1.44 | 140.367 | < 0.001 | 0.378 |
| TG/HDL-C | ||||||
| Control | 2.60 ± 1.03 | 3.24 ± 1.04 | 3.25 | |||
| Study | 2.69 ± 1.16 | 2.47 ± 1.12 | 2.46 | 30.052 | < 0.001 | 0.115 |
| AIP | ||||||
| Control | 0.38 ± 0.17 | 0.48 ± 0.15 | 0.48 | |||
| Study | 0.39 ± 0.16 | 0.35 ± 0.19 | 0.35 | 30.897 | < 0.001 | 0.134 |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||||
| hsCRP (µM/L) | ||||||
| Control | 6.92 ± 2.99 | 9.55 ± 4.53 | 9.54 | |||
| Study | 7.25 ± 4.89 | 5.97 ± 3.65 | 5.97 | 43.910 | < 0.001 | 0.160 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | ||||||
| Control | 8.28 ± 3.53 | 10.77 ± 5.59 | 10.79 | |||
| Study | 8.83 ± 5.09 | 7.12 ± 4.19 | 7.11 | 32.389 | < 0.001 | 0.123 |
| OS marker | ||||||
| MDA (μM/L) | ||||||
| Control | 9.35 ± 3.15 | 11.74 ± 4.95 | 11.73 | |||
| Study | 10.40 ± 5.38 | 9.32 ± 3.95 | 9.33 | 16.645 | < 0.001 | 0.067 |
| ED marker | ||||||
| NO (µM/L) | ||||||
| Control | 37.19 ± 8.71 | 27.53 ± 6.78 | 27.36 | |||
| Study | 35.23 ± 7.16 | 43.50 ± 13.38 | 43.66 | 134.626 | < 0.001 | 0.368 |
Pre-Test: recordings before intervention, at 16th week; Post-Test: recordings after 20 weeks of intervention, at 36th week.
Comparison of data between the Control (Post) and Study (Post) was done by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The p value < 0.05 was statistically considered significant.
FBG fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, VLDL-C very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, AIP atherogenic index of plasma, hsCRP high-sensitive C-reactive protein, IL-6 interleukin-6, OS oxidative stress, MDA malondialdehyde, ED endothelial dysfunction; NO, nitric oxide.