Table 3.
Factors associated with adverse effects related to the wear of personal protective equipment among healthcare professionals: results of univariate analysis.
| Variables | Adverse effects related to PPE |
Crude Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (N (%)) | No (N (%)) | ||||
| Age groups (years) | |||||
| ≤45 | 141 (49.1) | 146 (50.9) | 1 | ||
| >45 | 2 (15.4) | 11 (84.6) | 0.19 | [0.04–0.86] | 0.03 |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 31 (37.8) | 51 (62.2) | 1 | ||
| Female | 112 (51.4) | 106 (48.6) | 1.74 | [1.1–2.92] | 0.03 |
| Educational level | |||||
| Secondary | 2 (40) | 3 (60) | 1 | ||
| University | 141 (47.8) | 154 (52.2) | 1.37 | [0.22–8.34] | 0.73 |
| Matrimonial status | |||||
| Single | 44 (44.9) | 54 (55.1) | 1 | ||
| Married | 99 (49) | 103 (51) | 1.18 | [0.72–1.91] | 0.50 |
| Number of family members | |||||
| <4 | 87 (48.6) | 92 (51.4) | 1 | ||
| ≥4 | 56 (46.3) | 65 (53.7) | 0.91 | [0.57–1.45] | 0.69 |
| Professional category | |||||
| Paramedical | 28 (40.6) | 41 (59.4) | 1 | 0.16 | |
| Medical | 104 (51.5) | 98 (48.5) | 1.55 | [0.89–2.70] | 0.12 |
| Other categories | 11 (37.9) | 18 (62.1) | 0.89 | [0.37–2.18] | 0.80 |
| Work seniority (years) | |||||
| >10 | 6 (23.1) | 20 (76.9) | 1 | ||
| ≤10 | 137 (50) | 137 (50) | 3.33 | [1.30–8.33] | 0.01 |
| Department or unit | |||||
| Surgical | 94 (50.8) | 91 (49.2) | 1 | 0.008 | |
| Medical | 17 (28.8) | 42 (71.2) | 2.55 | [1.35–4.80] | 0.004 |
| Intensive care unit | 23 (62.6) | 14 (37.8) | 4.06 | [1.69–9.69] | 0.002 |
| COVID-19 unit | 9 (47.4) | 10 (52.6) | 2.22 | [0.76–6.43] | 0.14 |
| Tobacco | |||||
| No | 117 (49.4) | 120 (50.6) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 26 (41.3) | 37 (58.7) | 0.27 | [0.41–1.26] | 0.25 |
| Chronic disease | |||||
| No | 128 (52) | 118 (48) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 15 (27.8) | 39 (72.2) | 0.35 | [0.19–0.68] | 0.002 |
| Previously infected by COVID-19 | |||||
| No | 91 (53.8) | 78 (46.2) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 52 (39.7) | 79 (60.3) | 0.56 | [0.35–0.89] | 0.01 |
| Frequent use of moisturizers cream | |||||
| No | 76 (44.2) | 96 (55.8) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 67 (52.3) | 61 (47.7) | 1.38 | [0.87–2.19] | 0.16 |
| Frequent use of bleach or other product of disinfection without protection | |||||
| No | 50 (33.6) | 99 (66.4) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 92 (61.3) | 58 (38.7) | 3.14 | [1.95–5.04] | <0.001 |
| Frequent use of hot water | |||||
| No | 112 (44.8) | 138 (55.2) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 31 (62) | 19 (38) | 2.01 | [1.08–3.75] | 0.03 |
| Frequency of hydro alcoholic gel use | |||||
| ≤once an hour | 63 (49.2) | 65 (50.8) | 1 | ||
| >once an hour | 80 (46.5) | 92 (53.5) | 0.89 | [0.57–1.42] | 0.64 |
| Hands wash frequency | |||||
| <10 times per day | 50 (48.1) | 54 (51.9) | 1 | ||
| ≥10 times per day | 93 (47.4) | 103 (52.6) | 0.97 | [0.61–1.57] | 0.92 |
| Dealing with COVID-19 positive patients | |||||
| No | 51 (37) | 87 (63) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 92 (56.8) | 70 (43.2) | 2.24 | [1.41–3.57] | 0.001 |
| Number of night shift at COVID-19 unit per month | |||||
| ≤1 per month | 118 (45.4) | 25 (62.5) | 1 | ||
| >1 per month | 142 (54.6) | 15 (37.5) | 2.01 | [1.01–3.97] | 0.04 |
| Number of hours at the night shift at COVID-19 unit | |||||
| ≤10 | 72 (42.6) | 97 (57.4) | 1 | ||
| >10 | 71 (54.2) | 60 (45.8) | 1.59 | [1.01–2.52] | 0.04 |
| PPE availability and accessibility | |||||
| No | 76 (48.4) | 81 (51.6) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 67 (46.9) | 76 (53.1) | 0.94 | [0.59–1.4] | 0.78 |
| Confidence in PPE protection | |||||
| No | 69 (46.9) | 78 (53.1) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 74 (48.4) | 79 (51.9) | 1.06 | [0.67–1.66] | 0.80 |
| Adequate training for the proper use of PPE | |||||
| No | 30 (42.3) | 41 (57.7) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 113 (49.3) | 116 (50.7) | 1.33 | [0.78–2.28] | 0.29 |
| Type of PPE | |||||
| Masks | |||||
| Cloth face mask | 4 (26.7) | 11 (73.3) | 1 | 0.02 | |
| Surgical mask | 45 (40.2) | 67 (59.8) | 1.85 | [0.55–6.16] | 0.32 |
| FFP2 or N95 mask | 94 (54.3) | 79 (45.7) | 3.27 | [1.1–10.68] | 0.04 |
| Gloves | |||||
| No | 68 (43.6) | 88 (56.4) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 75 (52.1) | 69 (47.9) | 1.41 | [0.89–2.21] | 0.14 |
| Visors and/or mirror | |||||
| No | 87 (41) | 125 (59) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 56 (63.6) | 32 (36.4) | 2.51 | [1.50–4.2] | <0.001 |
| Jumpsuits and/or gowns | |||||
| No | 74 (46) | 87 (54) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 69 (49.6) | 70 (50.4) | 1.16 | [0.74–1.83] | 0.52 |
| Full PPE | |||||
| No | 54 (38) | 88 (62) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 89 (56.3) | 69 (43.7) | 2.1 | [1.32–3.34] | 0.002 |
| Duration of PPE use per day (hours) | |||||
| ≤4 | 20 (33.3) | 40 (66.7) | 1 | ||
| >4 | 123 (51.2) | 117 (48.8) | 1.99 | [1.11–3.57] | 0.02 |
| Duration of PPE use per week (days) | |||||
| ≤4 | 17 (34) | 33 (66) | 1 | ||
| >4 | 126 (50.4) | 124 (49.6) | 1.97 | [1.1–3.72] | 0.03 |
∗PPE= Personal Protective equipment; CI= Confidence interval; % = Percentage; N= Number.