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. 2022 Jul 12;12:11810. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14683-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of Ki-67 and Caspase-3 expressions in the duodenum of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) and normal (NW) birth weight male littermate pigs. (A) Number of Ki-67 positive cells per area of epithelium of intestinal glands (density). Cellular proliferation was higher in NW piglets at birth, but remained similar between the experimental groups throughout the production phases. (B) Mean percentage of Caspase-3 fluorescence cells in the duodenal villi. IUGR pigs presented higher apoptosis after weaning, which remained higher until 150 days of age. (C) The pattern of cell proliferation overtime (from birth to 150 days of age) in NW pigs remained relatively constant throughout postnatal development. On the other hand, in IUGR pigs, cell proliferation significantly increased from 70 to 150 days of age (D). Regarding the pattern of apoptosis overtime, mean percentage of Caspase-3 fluorescence in the duodenal villi remained constant in the NW animals, but it increased drastically until 70 days in the IUGR pigs. Superscript a, b: LS means differ statistically between groups (**P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05). Error bars represent standard errors of the means.