Figure 1.

NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation. NLRP3 inflammasome activation requires two signals: Signal 1 (initiation) is provided by activating cytokines or PAMPs, resulting in transcriptional upregulation of normative and non-standard NLRP3 inflammasome components. Signal 2 (activation) is activated by K ⁺ efflux, Ca ²⁺ influx, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, etc. ASC; IL-1R1, IL-1 receptor type1; NEK7, NIMA-related kinase7; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; P2X7, P2X purinoceptor7; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF α, tumor necrosis factor α; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor;TXNIP, thioredoxin-interacting protein; MD2, myeloid differentiation factor 2;LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ER Stress, endoplasmic reticulum; TIRF, toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) -inducing interferon; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88.