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. 2022 Jun 29;12:797749. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.797749

Table 2.

Summary of candidate genes linked to GI diseases.

GI disease Candidate genes Potential mechanism of action References
TB ASAP1 Cytoskeleton remodeling (Curtis et al., 2015)
CD209, TLR1,2,4,8,10 Pathogen recognition (Bulat-Kardum et al., 2015; Salie et al., 2015; Yi L. et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2015; Jafari et al., 2016)
IRGM Autophagy (Yuan et al., 2016)
AGMO, FOXP1 Macrophage function (Grant et al., 2016)
TOX, DUSP14, CCL2, CCL5, CCL13 Monocyte and T cell function (Thuong et al., 2008; Grant et al., 2013; Hijikata et al., 2016; Kouhpayeh et al., 2016; Nonghanphithak et al., 2016)
SP110, IFNA1, IFITM3, TYK2 Interferon signaling (Bhanothu et al., 2015; Naderi et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2017; Boisson-Dupuis et al., 2018)
IL17A, IL17F, IL27, IL8 Immunoregulation (Braun et al., 2015; Du et al., 2015; Hu et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020)
CTSZ Protein localization and activity (Adams et al., 2011)
HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRB1, MR1 Guiding antigen specific T cell immune response (Sveinbjornsson et al., 2016; Seshadri et al., 2017)
MAFB Regulation of lineage-specific hematopoiesis (Mahasirimongkol et al., 2012)
TNF, NOTCH4 Apoptosis, differentiation and proliferation (Yi Y.X. et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2020)
MC3R Regulation of energy homeostasis (Adams et al., 2011)
UBE3A, Ubiquitin protein degradation (Cervino et al., 2002)
NCF2, CYBA Oxidation (Liu et al., 2016; Jiao et al., 2020)
CYP7A1, VDR, VDBP, ITPA Metabolism (Qrafli et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2016; Nakauchi et al., 2016)
HSPEP1, UBLCP1, SIGLEC15 Unknown (Mahasirimongkol et al., 2012; Sobota et al., 2016; Bhattacharyya et al., 2019)
leprosy CUBN, NRAMP1/SLC11A1, VDR Vitamin and iron metabolism (Hatta et al., 2010; Grant et al., 2014; Neela et al., 2015)
LACC1/C13orf31, SOD2, Cellular ROS production (Ramos et al., 2016; Lahiri et al., 2017)
NOD2, TLR1, NLRP1 Pathogen recognition (Schuring et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2009; Berrington et al., 2010; Marques Cde et al., 2013; Pontillo et al., 2013)
HLA-C, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1 Guiding antigen specific T cell immune response (Geluk and Ottenhoff, 2006; Alter et al., 2011; Jarduli et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2019)
LTA, TNF, TNFSF15 Apoptosis and inflammation (Zhang et al., 2009; Cardoso et al., 2011)
IL23R, GATA3, IL10, RIPK2 Immunoregulation (Zhang et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2011; Medeiros et al., 2016)
LRRK2/RIPK7, RAB32, PARK2/PRKN, MRC1 Autophagy (Mira et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2009; Alter et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2011)
NEBL Focal adhesion (Grant et al., 2014)
PACRG Protein degradation (Mira et al., 2004)
HIF1A Apoptosis and metabolism (Wang et al., 2018)
TYK2 Interferon signaling (Liu et al., 2017)
CCDC122 Unknown (Zhang et al., 2009)
CD ATG16L1, IRGM, LRRK2, MUC19, PTPN2, PTPN22 Capture bacteria, autophagy (Barrett et al., 2008; Cadwell et al., 2010; Tong et al., 2010; Spalinger et al., 2018)
Annexin A11 Apoptosis, proliferation (Reischl et al., 2020)
LACC1/C13orf31, DUOX2, NOX2/CYBB, CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, NCF4 Oxidation (Cleynen et al., 2013; Denson et al., 2018)
HLA-A2,HLA-DR1, HLA-DQw5 Guiding antigen specific T cell immune response (Orchard et al., 2000; Orchard et al., 2002)
IL-23R, IL10, IL6, JAK2, STAT3, CCR6, ICOSLG, PUS10, SLC22A23 Immunoregulation and iron metabolism (Yamamoto et al., 2000; Petit-Bertron et al., 2005; Van Limbergen et al., 2009; Festen et al., 2011; Cleynen et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2015)
NOD2, NLRP3, NLRP6, CARD9, TLR1,2,4,6, Pathogen recognition (Ogura et al., 2001; Van Limbergen et al., 2009; Villani et al., 2009; Kordjazy et al., 2018)
TNFSF15, TAB2, PRDM1 Apoptosis, inflammation and immunoregulation (Barrett et al., 2008; Cleynen et al., 2013)
C10orf6 Unknown (Franke et al., 2008)
Sarcoidosis Annexin A11, XAF1 Apoptosis and proliferation (Li et al., 2010; Levin et al., 2014)
BTNL2, NOTCH4, CCDC88B, ZNF592 T cell response (Valentonyte et al., 2005; Adrianto et al., 2012; Fischer et al., 2012; Lareau et al., 2015)
COX2, NOX2/CYBB Oxidation (Christophi et al., 2014; Werner et al., 2017)
HLA-DRB1, DPB1, DQB1, TAP2 Guiding antigen specific T cell immune response (Design of a Case Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis (ACCESS). ACCESS Research Group, 1999; Hulpke et al., 2012; Malkova et al., 2020)
IL23R, IL12B Immunoregulation (Kim et al., 2011; Fischer et al., 2015)
NOD2, TLR2, Pathogen recognition (Kanazawa et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2010)
SH2B3 Negative regulator of TNF signaling (Fischer et al., 2015)
RAB23 Autophagy (Davoudi et al., 2018)
TNF, LTA Apoptosis and inflammation (Mcdougal et al., 2009; Song et al., 2014)
MAGI1 Epithelial and endothelial cell-cell contacts (Garman et al., 2020)
BU ATG16L1, PARK2/PRKN Autophagy (Capela et al., 2016)
IFNG Interferon signaling (Bibert et al., 2017)
NOS2 Immunoregulation (Bibert et al., 2017)
NOD2 Pathogen recognition (Capela et al., 2016)
NRAMP1/SLC11A1 Iron metabolism (Stienstra et al., 2006)
CGD NOX2/CYBB, CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, NCF4 Oxidation (Idh et al., 2017)
OFG HLA-A3, B7, DR2, HLA-B16, HLA-CW3 Guiding antigen specific T cell immune response (Gibson and Wray, 2000)
GPA SERPINA1 Protein activity (Lyons et al., 2012)
HLA-DOA, DP, DPA1, DPB1, DPB2, DQ, DRB1 Guiding antigen specific T cell immune response (Cao et al., 2011; Lyons et al., 2012; Xie et al., 2013)
TLR9 Pathogen recognition (Husmann et al., 2014)
PTPN22, CTLA4, FCGR3B, IL2RA MOSPD2 Immune response and T cell function (Jagiello et al., 2005; Willcocks et al., 2008; Carr et al., 2009; Lyons et al., 2012)
DCTD, GHSR, HSD17B8, LEPR, RING1, RXRB Metabolism (Wieczorek et al., 2010; Xie et al., 2013)
COL11A2 Extracellular matrix (Lyons et al., 2012)
COBL, ARHGAP18, SEMA6A Cell shape and cytoskeleton (Lyons et al., 2012; Xie et al., 2013)
CD226, PRTN3 Cellular adhesion, cell-cell contacts (Wieczorek et al., 2009; Lyons et al., 2012)
IRF5 Interferon signaling (Wieczorek et al., 2010)
CCDC86, WSCD1 Unknown (Xie et al., 2013)

TB, tuberculosis; CD, Crohn’s disease; BU, Buruli ulcer; CGD, chronic granulomatous disease; GPA, Wegener’s granulomatosis; OFG, orofacial granulomatosis; ROS, reactive oxygen species.