. 2022 Jun 29;9:922428. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.922428

TABLE 4.

Diverse types of cell death in ADPKD.

Cell death type	Basic features	Biochemical features	Morphological features	Detection methods
Apoptosis	Type1 programmed cell death	Activation of caspases, oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation	Plasma membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, apoptotic bodies	TUNEL, DNA ladder, DNA content analysis, apoptosis enzyme-linked immunoassay, annexin binding assay, LDH activity assay, mitochondrial membrane potential assay
Apoptosis	Reversible	Activation of caspases, oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation
Autophagy	Type2 programmed cell death	Increased lysosomal activity, LC3I to LC3II transformation	Formation of double-membraned autolysosomes	Western blotting or Fluorescence Microscopy of LC3 (marker protein for autophagosomes) and p62 (autophagy substrate)
Autophagy	Reversible	Increased lysosomal activity, LC3I to LC3II transformation	Formation of double-membraned autolysosomes
Ferroptosis	Reversible	Iron and ROS accumulation, inhibition of xCT and reduced GSH.	Increased density of outer cell membrane, ruptured outer mitochondrial membrane	Iron assay kit, GSSG/GSH Quantification kit, Glutamine assay kit

Abbreviations used: ROS, reactive oxygen species; xCT, light-chain subunit of SLC7A11 (system xc− cystine/glutamate antiporter); GSH, glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.