Table 4.
Multinomial analysis of multimorbidity classes among older adults, Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, wave-1, 2017–2018
| Class | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Assigned labels | Hypertension* | Gastrointestinal disorders–hypertension–musculoskeletal disorders* | Musculoskeletal disorders–hypertension–asthma* | Metabolic disorders* | Complex cardiometabolic disorders* |
| Correlates | |||||
| Age (in years) | |||||
| 45–49 (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 50–54 | 1.45* (1.34 to 1.56) | 1.21* (1.08 to 1.37) | 1.28 (0.83 to 1.97) | 1.70* (1.41 to 2.06) | 1.94* (1.38 to 6.72) |
| 55–59 | 1.78* (1.34 to 1.55) | 1.31* (1.16 to 1.48) | 1.78* (1.18 to 2.67) | 2.22* (1.83 to 2.69) | 3.09* (2.22 to 4.29) |
| 60–64 | 2.02* (1.65 to 1.91) | 1.50* (1.33 to 1.69) | 2.02* (1.35 to 3.01) | 2.79* (2.31 to 3.38) | 3.37* (2.43 to 4.68) |
| 65–69 | 2.52* (1.87 to 2.17) | 1.76* (1.55 to 1.99) | 2.53* (1.69 to 3.78) | 2.85* (2.32 to 3.51) | 4.66* (3.34 to 6.46) |
| 70–74 | 2.72* (2.33to 2.72) | 1.93* (1.67to 2.23) | 2.76* (1.78to 4.28) | 3.29* (2.60 to 4.18) | 6.79* (4.80 to 9.61) |
| 75–79 | 2.76* (2.49 to 2.98) | 2.21*(1.86 to 2.62) | 3.24* (2.00 to 5.24) | 3.26* (2.43 to 4.34) | 7.13* (4.84 to 11.04) |
| 80+ | 2.75* (2.48 to 3.07) | 2.53* (2.11 to 3.01) | 4.14* (2.57 to 6.67) | 1.82* (1.24 to 2.68) | 7.04* (4.67 to 11.06) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1.29* (1.21 to 1.36) | 1.44* (1.30 to 1.59) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.28) | 1.32* (1.12 to 1.56) | 1.50* (1.19 to 1.89) |
| Place of residence | |||||
| Rural (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Urban | 1.30* (1.24 to 1.37) | 0.97 (0.90 to 1.05) | 1.16 (0.93 to 1.46) | 1.61* (1.12 to 1.56) | 1.44* (1.22 to 1.69) |
| Religion | |||||
| Hindu (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Muslim | 1.29* (1.21 to 1.39) | 1.35* (1.21 to 1.50) | 1.17 (0.85 to 1.58) | 2.93* (2.52 to 3.39) | 1.91* (1.54 to 2.34) |
| Christian | 1.08* (1.24 to 1.37) | 0.90 (0.77 to 1.04) | 0.56** (0.33 to 0.93) | 1.61* (1.32 to 1.96) | 0.98 (0.72 to 1.35) |
| Others | 1.23* (1.21 to 1.38) | 1.09 (0.91 to 1.13) | 0.56 (0.30 to 1.05) | 2.52* (2.07 to 3.04) | 1.08 (0.78 to 1.52) |
| Social group | |||||
| Scheduled Castes (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Scheduled Tribes | 0.73 (0.66 to 0.78) | 0.53* (0.46 to 0.62) | 0.51* (0.33 to 0.78) | 0.65* (0.51 to 8.39) | 0.41* (0.27 to 5.92) |
| Other Backward Classes | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.06) | 0.89* (0.81 to 0.98) | 1.08 (0.81 to 1.42) | 1.14* (0.93 to 1.38) | 0.92* (0.72 to 5.92) |
| Others | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.13) | 0.99 (0.73 to 1.36) | 1.27 (1.04 to 1.53) | 1.12 (0.87 to 1.43) |
| Level of education | |||||
| No education (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Less than 5 years | 1.23* (1.16 to 1.31) | 1.33* (1.21 to 1.45) | 1.40* (1.08 to 1.81) | 2.61* (2.21 to 3.09) | 2.10* (1.69 to 2.59) |
| 5–9 years | 1.21* (1.13 to 1.29) | 1.17* (1.05 to 1.30) | 1.11 (0.81 to 1.81) | 2.62* (2.19 to 3.13) | 2.16* (1.72 to 2.73) |
| 10 years or more | 1.23* (1.15 to 1.32) | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.12) | 0.72 (0.50 to 1.03) | 3.63* (3.06 to 4.31) | 1.94* (1.53 to 2.46) |
| Wealth status | |||||
| Poor (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-Poor | 1.30* (1.24 to 1.36) | 1.37* (1.27 to 1.47) | 1.39* (1.13 to 1.71) | 1.69* (1.49 to 1.93) | 2.13* (1.78 to 2.56) |
| Current marital status | |||||
| In union (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Not in union | 1.16 (1.10 to 1.23) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | 1.06 (0.83 to 1.35) | 1.05 (0.91 to 1.21) | 0.96 (0.79 to 1.15) |
| Current working status | |||||
| Never worked (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Worked in past but not currently working | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.19) | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.15) | 1.16 (0.88 to 1.54) | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.14) | 1.31 (1.07 to 1.60) |
| Currently working | 0.73* (0.69 to 0.78) | 0.72* (0.65 to 0.79) | 0.59* (0.43 to 0.82) | 0.52* (0.43 to 6.10) | 0.45 (0.34 to 5.78) |
| Tobacco consumption | |||||
| Never used tobacco (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quit tobacco | 1.12* (1.02 to 1.23) | 1.75* (1.52 to 2.03) | 3.01* (2.19 to 4.13) | 1.43* (1.15 to 1.78) | 3.01*(1.95 to 3.27) |
| Currently consuming | 0.89 (0.84 to 1.93) | 1.40 (1.28 to 1.52) | 1.17 (0.91 to 1.49) | 0.56 (0.46 to 6.56) | 1.01 (0.82 to 1.24) |
| Ever consumed alcohol | |||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.08) | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.14) | 1.20 (0.91 to 1.58) | 1.52* (1.27 to 1.81) | 1.01 (0.78 to 1.29) |
| Physical activity | |||||
| Physically active (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Physically inactive | 1.13** (1.08 to 1.18) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.03) | 1.17 (0.94 to 1.45) | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.21) | 1.46* (1.25 to 1.72) |
| Body mass index | |||||
| Underweight (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Normal | 1.64* (1.54 to 1.75) | 1.30* (1.17 to 1.43) | 0.82* (0.63 to 1.05) | 2.59* (1.90 to 3.52) | 2.10* (1.53 to 2.90) |
| Overweight | 2.78* (2.53 to 4.28) | 1.90* (1.69 to 2.14) | 0.96 (0.39 to 3.21) | 6.26* (4.58 to 8.56) | 5.28* (3.78 to 7.38) |
| Obese | 3.88* (3.53 to 4.28) | 2.68* (2.30 to 3.13) | 2.11* (1.39 to 3.21) | 10.50* (7.57 to 11.45) | 9.52* (6.62 to 13.68) |
| Waist-hip ratio | |||||
| Low risk (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High risk | 1.24* (1.17 to 1.31) | 1.14** (1.04 to 1.26) | 1.02 (0.79 to 1.31) | 2.38* (1.87 to 3.03) | 1.51* (1.15 to 1.97) |
*p<0.001, **p<0.05.
*All estimates are computed considering relatively healthy as the base category.