Figure 1. Flow Diagram for Study Design.

^aInclusion criteria consisted of intensive care unit (ICU) admission from the emergency department nontrauma, postoperative ICU admission, ICU transfer from the emergency department for severe trauma (patients with Injury Severity Scores >15, hemorrhagic shock, and/or severe chest trauma), and inpatient transfer from ward to ICU.

^bSamples for analysis (procalcitonin and interleukin 6 levels and transcriptomic metric classifiers for the likelihood of bacterial or viral infection and 30-day mortality) were obtained within 6 hours.

^cScheduled sampling day was within a 24-hour window.