List of recent studies on the effects of nanoparticles or nanofluids on gas hydrate formation.

Ref.	NM	Gas	Size (nm)	Concentration	Modification	T (K)	P (MPa)	Dispersant	Remark
84	Fe3O4	CH4	20	0.2–1.6 g L−1	SDS-coated	275.15	6		Compared with only SDS, the induction time was shorter and the gas consumption was higher
34	Fe3O4	CO2	50	0.01–0.15 wt%	Magnetic field	274.15–276.15	3.01–4.06	CTAB	Under the optimum conditions, the gas consumption increased by 443.9% and the induction time decreased by 96.6%
85	Fe3O4	CH4		0.1 wt%	SDS & SO-coated, magnetic field	276.15	6		Shortening induction time and increasing gas storage capacity
35	Fe3O4	CO2	50	0.05–0.25 wt%		274.15, 276.15	2.5	SDS or CTAB	0.15 wt% Fe3O4 nanoparticle and 400 ppm SDS in the based fluid is the best aqueous solution for CO2 hydrate formation, with a 70.6% decrement in induction time and a 160% increment in gas consumption
35	CuO	CH4		0.01–1 wt%		275.65	5.5	SDS	The induction time decreased by 92.7% and the gas storage capacity increased by 34%
35	CuO	CH4	40	0.05–1 wt%		274.65, 276.65	5, 6	SDS	There is no significant effect on the final gas storage capacity
86	Cu	CH4	25, 75	0.0157 M, 0.157 M		275.15–275.76	5.24–5.55	CTAB	Cu nanoparticles and CTAB can shorten the induction time, increase the reaction rate and increase gas consumption
9	Cu	HFC134a	20	0.1 wt%, 1 wt%		274.15	5.7	SDBS	The rate of gas hydrate formation is increased and the dissociation pressure is changed
87	ZnO	CH4	10–30	0.05 wt%, 0.1 wt%		274.65	4.9–6	SDS	Positive effect on induction time, reaction rate, solubility of methane and gas consumption. But no significant effect on gas capacity
88	ZnO	CO2	11.5	0.1 wt%		274	2.2, 2.6, 3.2		Increase the gas consumption by up to 16%
89	Ag	CH4	50–75			275.15	4.7, 5.7		The induction time was shortened by 85% and 73.9%, and the gas consumption was increased by 33.7% and 7.4%, respectively
90	Ag	CH4	6–30	4.5, 9, 18, 27, 36 μM	Triangular silver nanoparticles	275.15, 276.15	4.5,4.8,5,5.3,5.5		Induction time reduced by 97%
91	Ag	C2H6	6–30	4.5, 9, 18, 27, 36 μM		276.15, 277.65	1.5,1.9,2.2		Induction time reduced by 97.5%
36	Ag	CO2		45, 90 μM		273.65, 275.65	2, 3	SDS	Ag nanoparticles + SDS can increase gas consumption and apparent rate constant
92	Al2O3	CO2		0.1–0.6 wt%		273.15	0.1	THF, SDS	Under the optimum ratio of THF, SDS and Al2O3, the formation rate can be increased by 3.74 times
93	Al2O3	CO2	30	0.005–0.5 wt%	Non-modified, hydrophilic and hydrophobic	275.15	4.5		Three kinds of particles have little effect on the phase equilibrium. The non-modified particles can shorten the induction time, but reduce the gas consumption. 0.01 wt% hydrophilic modification has better promoting effect, shortening induction time and increasing gas consumption
21, 22	C	CH4	10–15	0.003 wt%, 0.004 wt%	Carbon nanotubes	274.15			Carbon nanotubes can increase gas consumption by 300% and reaction rate, and oxidized carbon nanotubes are more effective at increasing rate. Both have a slightly positive effect on thermodynamic equilibrium
37	C	CO2	50	0.4 wt%	Graphite nanoparticles	277.15	3.5		Induction time was shortened by 80.8%, and the maximum air consumption was increased by 12.8%
23	C	CO2	50	0.4 wt%, 0.8 wt%, 1.2 wt%	Graphite nanoparticles	275.7–280.9	1.6–3.3		Graphite nanoparticles have an adverse effect on the phase equilibrium of CO2 hydrate formation, but it is independent of particle concentration
94	C	CH4	31.4	0.1–10 ppm	Hydrophilic, hydrophobic carbon nanotubes	275.15	4.6		The formation rate of hydrophobic carbon nanotubes was increased by 6% at high concentration and by 16.34% at low concentration
38	GO	CO2		20–300 ppm		279	3–5		The induction time was shortened by 53–74.3%, the gas consumption increased by 5.1–15.9%, and the optimal concentration was 50 ppm
95	SiO2	CH4	20–30	0.1–0.4 wt%	Porous medium	274.15	6		The concentration of 0.1–0.3 wt% has positive effect on the rate of hydrate formation, while the concentration of 0.4 wt% significantly inhibits hydrate formation
96	Al2O3, SiO2, Cu, Ag	75% CH4 + 25% CO2	<50, 10–20, 40–60, <150	0.1–0.3 wt%		274.15	4		SiO2 can increase the gas consumption by the most, up to 45%, Cu and Al2O3 by 1–15%, and Ag has no significant effect
97	Al2O3 + GO	CH4	Al2O3: 10–20	0.2–0.6 wt% + 100–400 ppm		281.15	3	THF	The induction time was shortened and the reaction rate was increased, but the final gas consumption and gas reserves were not affected