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. 2022 Jun 28;88(1):75–95. doi: 10.3233/JAD-220148

Table 5.

Subgroup analysis of cognitive tests by MMSE based on baseline MMSE scores

Group Baseline Week 8 Week 16 Week 24 ⊿ Week 24
Mean (SD) p Mean (SD) p Mean (SD) p Mean (SD) p Mean (SD) p
MMSE < 25
MMSE total score Probiotic 23.29 (0.69) 0.189 26.42 (2.26)*** 0.899 27.29 (1.99)*** 0.059 26.52 (2.52)*** 0.909 3.26 (2.34) 0.843
Placebo 23.52 (0.7) 26.08 (3.1)*** 26 (2.42)*** 26.44 (2.58)*** 2.96 (2.59)
Orientation in time Probiotic 4.5 (0.51) 0.907 4.79 (0.42) 0.757 4.79 (0.51) 0.180 4.87 (0.63) 0.006# 0.35 (0.71) 0.078
Placebo 4.37 (0.93) 4.65 (0.75) 4.44 (0.96) 4.36 (1.04) 0 (0.76)
Orientation in place Probiotic 4.63 (0.5) 0.386 4.67 (0.76) 0.427 4.83 (0.38) 0.502 4.87 (0.34) 0.108 0.26 (0.54) 0.653
Placebo 4.41 (0.75) 4.5 (0.86) 4.72 (0.54) 4.6 (0.65) 0.2 (0.87)
Registration Probiotic 3 (0) 0.366 2.96 (0.2) 0.317 3 (0) 1.000 3 (0) 1.000 0 (0) 1.000
Placebo 2.96 (0.19) 3 (0) 3 (0) 3 (0) 0 (0)
Serial-7 s Probiotic 1.25 (0.79) 0.543 3.04 (1.83)*** 0.968 3.29 (1.63)*** 0.842 2.57 (1.88)** 0.062 1.3 (2.1) 0.313
Placebo 1.63 (1.45) 3.12 (1.61)** 3.16 (1.77)*** 3.44 (1.45)*** 1.88 (1.88)
Recall Probiotic 1.88 (0.85) 0.617 2.5 (0.89)** 0.857 2.67 (0.57)*** 0.114 2.61 (0.66)*** 0.850 0.74 (0.81) 0.929
Placebo 1.78 (0.8) 2.42 (0.99)** 2.4 (0.65)** 2.52 (0.82)*** 0.72 (0.89)
Naming Probiotic 2 (0) 1.000 2 (0) 1.000 2 (0) 1.000 2 (0) 1.000 0 (0) 1.000
Placebo 2 (0) 2 (0) 2 (0) 2 (0) 0 (0)
Repetition Probiotic 0.75 (0.44) 0.723 0.83 (0.38) 0.156 0.92 (0.28) 0.026 0.83 (0.39) 0.587 0.09 (0.6) 0.970
Placebo 0.7 (0.47) 0.65 (0.49) 0.64 (0.49) 0.76 (0.44) 0.08 (0.57)
Three-stage command Probiotic 2.83 (0.38) 0.129 2.88 (0.45) 0.918 2.88 (0.34) 0.620 2.91 (0.29) 0.144 0.09 (0.42) 0.599
Placebo 2.96 (0.19) 2.92 (0.27) 2.92 (0.28) 3 (0) 0.04 (0.2)
Reading Probiotic 0.96 (0.2) 0.307 0.92 (0.28) 0.524 1 (0) 1.000 1 (0) 0.359 0.04 (0.21) 0.170
Placebo 1 (0) 0.96 (0.2) 1 (0) 0.96 (0.2) –0.04 (0.2)
Writing Probiotic 0.67 (0.48) 0.235 0.88 (0.34) 0.931 0.92 (0.28)* 0.255 0.91 (0.29)* 0.280 0.26 (0.45) 0.045
Placebo 0.82 (0.4) 0.89 (0.33) 0.8 (0.41) 0.8 (0.41) 0 (0.41)
Construction Probiotic 0.83 (0.38) 0.580 0.96 (0.2) 0.977 1 (0) 0.170 0.96 (0.21) 0.317 0.13 (0.46) 0.613
Placebo 0.89 (0.32) 0.96 (0.2) 0.92 (0.28) 1 (0) 0.08 (0.28)
MMSE≥25
MMSE total score Probiotic 25.45 (0.51) 0.620 27.26 (2.22)*** 0.854 27.57 (2.11)*** 0.317 27.54 (2.29)*** 0.700 2.07 (2.16) 0.701
Placebo 25.52 (0.51) 27.15 (2.29)*** 27.97 (2.3)*** 27.88 (2.03)*** 2.38 (2)
Orientation in time Probiotic 4.74 (0.58) 0.866 4.55 (0.85) 0.658 4.67 (0.61) 0.229 4.79 (0.42) 0.856 0.04 (0.69) 0.881
Placebo 4.79 (0.49) 4.67 (0.65) 4.85 (0.36) 4.78 (0.49) 0 (0.57)
Orientation in place Probiotic 4.61 (0.62) 0.136 4.87 (0.34) 0.673 4.8 (0.76) 0.557 4.96 (0.19)* 0.943 0.32 (0.61) 0.228
Placebo 4.79 (0.55) 4.88 (0.42) 4.94 (0.24) 4.97 (0.18) 0.19 (0.59)
Registration Probiotic 3 (0) 0.348 3 (0) 1.000 3 (0) 1.000 2.96 (0.19) 0.300 –0.04 (0.19) 0.167
Placebo 2.97 (0.17) 3 (0) 3 (0) 3 (0) 0.03 (0.18)
Serial-7 s Probiotic 2.16 (1.34) 0.147 3.61 (1.76)** 0.296 3.63 (1.52)*** 0.771 3.32 (1.83)** 0.658 1.14 (2.05) 0.254
Placebo 1.88 (1.39) 3.21 (1.69)*** 3.67 (1.71)*** 3.59 (1.72)*** 1.69 (1.98)
Recall Probiotic 2.45 (0.81) 0.902 2.61 (0.67) 0.658 2.67 (0.66) 0.208 2.79 (0.63) 0.672 0.32 (0.77) 0.817
Placebo 2.49 (0.76) 2.67 (0.69) 2.76 (0.71)* 2.75 (0.62)* 0.28 (0.63)
Naming Probiotic 2 (0) 1.000 2 (0) 1.000 2 (0) 1.000 2 (0) 1.000 0 (0) 1.000
Placebo 2 (0) 2 (0) 2 (0) 2 (0) 0 (0)
Repetition Probiotic 0.84 (0.37) 0.405 0.9 (0.3) 0.766 0.97 (0.18) 0.628 0.89 (0.32) 0.546 0.07 (0.26) 0.680
Placebo 0.91 (0.29) 0.88 (0.33) 0.94 (0.24) 0.94 (0.25) 0.03 (0.4)
Three-stage command Probiotic 2.94 (0.25) 0.962 2.97 (0.18) 0.982 2.9 (0.31) 0.268 2.93 (0.26) 0.492 0 (0.27) 0.688
Placebo 2.94 (0.24) 2.97 (0.17) 2.97 (0.17) 2.97 (0.18) 0.03 (0.31)
Reading Probiotic 1 (0) 1.000 0.97 (0.18) 0.608 1 (0) 1.000 1 (0) 0.367 0 (0) 0.367
Placebo 1 (0) 0.94 (0.24) 1 (0) 0.97 (0.18) –0.03 (0.18)
Writing Probiotic 0.74 (0.45) 0.167 0.87 (0.34) 0.036 0.97 (0.18)* 0.628 0.89 (0.32) 0.251 0.18 (0.55) 0.445
Placebo 0.88 (0.33) 1 (0) 0.94 (0.24) 0.97 (0.18) 0.09 (0.39)
Construction Probiotic 0.97 (0.18) 0.194 0.9 (0.3) 0.603 0.97 (0.18) 0.362 1 (0) 0.190 0.04 (0.19) 0.740
Placebo 0.91 (0.28) 0.94 (0.24) 0.91 (0.29) 0.94 (0.25) 0.06 (0.44)

Data are indicated as mean (SD). p value shows inter-group difference (probiotics versus placebo) (Wilcoxon rank-sum test), p < 0.05. Difference from baseline was analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank Test), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.