Table 2.

Early phase clinical studies evaluating the role of mRNA vaccines for non-CHOL cancers

Antigen	Vehicle	Combination	Indication	n	Outcomes	Clinical trial
WT1	DC	Durvalumab	Solid tumor Lymphoma	264	Increased WT1-specific CD8+ T cells	NCT03739931 [35]
WT1, PRAME, and CMVpp65	DC	–	Acute myeloid leukemia	13	Enhanced PRAME and WT1-specific immunity; 5 patients in CR, with an observation period of up to 840 d	NCT01734304
CEA-peptide	LNP	Oxaliplatin/Capecitabine	Colorectal cancer	30	CEA peptide-specific T-cells detected in 8/11 patients in the peptide group	NCT00228189 [36]
Tumor RNA plus synthetic CD40L RNA	DC	Sunitinib	Renal cell carcinoma	25	13 patients (62%) experienced clinical benefit (PR + CR)	NCT00678119 [37]
Tumor-associated antigens	Liposome	PD-1 inhibitor	Melanoma	119	Increased antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell were observed	NCT02410733 [38]
Autologous tumor-mRNA	DC	IL-2	Melanoma	31	Antigen-specific immune response demonstrated in 51.6% patients; immune responders had better survival (median 14 months vs. 6 months, P = 0.030)	NCT01278940 [39]
CD40 ligand TLR4, gp100 and tyrosinase	DC	–	Melanoma	28	1 PR and 2 SD observed in 8 patients	NCT01530698 [40]
MageA3, MageA1, Melan-A, Tyrosinase, Survivin, and gp100	Protamine-protected	GM-CSF s.c	Melanoma	20	Antigen-specific T cells detected in 2/4 evaluable patients; 1 CR observed in 7 patients	NCT00204607 [41]
hTERT	DC	–	Acute myeloid leukemia	21	11 patients (58%) developed hTERT-specific T-cell responses	NCT00510133 [42]

WT1 Wilms’ tumor 1 antigen, DC dendritic cell, CMV cytomegalovirus, PRAME preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma, CR complete response, CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, LNP lipid nanoparticle, RNA ribonucleic acid, PR partial response, PD-1 programmed death-1, IL-2 interleukin-2, TLR4 toll-likereceptor4, gp100 glycoprotein 100, SD stable disease, MageA melanoma-associated antigen, GM-CSF granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, s.c. subcutaneous injection, hTERT human telomerase reverse transcriptase, “–” no combined drug