Table 2.

Summary of the cases of autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITDs) occurred after COVID-19 vaccination and reported in the literature

Autoimmune thyroid disorder	Number of patients	Sex (%) median age (range)	Known pre-existing thyroid disease	Time from vaccine to AITDs onset	Vaccine type
Graves’ disease (GD)	N = 51 26 after first dose 25 after second dose	12 M (23.5%), 44.7 yr (30–70) 39 F (76.5%), 42 yr (28–73)	None (new onset), n = 34 GD (recurrence,) n = 12 Previous HT, n = 3 Previous SAT, n = 2	After first dose 10 days (1–50) After second dose 13 days (2–63)	mRNA (n = 39, 76.5%) Vector-based (n = 9, 17.6%) Inactivated (n = 3, 5.9%)
Thyroid eye disease (TED)	N = 10 4 with Hyper 6 without Hyper	With hyper 3 F, 37 yr (34–59) 1 M, 59 yr Without hyper 5 F, 53 yr (45–66) 1 M, 43 yr	With hyper 3 new onset 1 relapse Without hyper* 2 new onset 4 relapse	After first dose (n = 5) 14 days (1–21) After second dose (n = 5) 21 days (3–25)	mRNA (n = 10, 100%)
Painless thyroiditis	N = 8 7 after first dose 1 after second dose	5 F, 38 yr (29–59) 3 M, 33 yr (32–34)	None	After first dose 12 days (7–21) After second dose 10 days	mRNA (n = 6, 75%) Vector-based (n = 2; 25%)
Autoimmune hypothyroidism	N = 1	F, 63 yr	None	After second dose 6 weeks	mRNA

GD Graves’ disease, Hyper hyperthyroidism, HT Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, SAT subacute thyroiditis, TED thyroid eye disease

*The four patients who experienced a relapse of TED not associated with hyperthyroidism were three GD patient who had been previously treatment with radioiodine and were euthyroid under L-Thyroxine therapy at the time of vaccination, and one GD patient already under medical therapy with methimazole. The two new-onset case were a female with no previous history of thyroid disease and/or TED and another female patient with a previous diagnosis of HT under control without any treatment and no previous TED