Table 3.
ORs and 95% CIs of change in menstrual cycle characteristics concerning SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination status, stratifying by the timing between infection or vaccination and end of follow-up assessment of cycle characteristics, the Nurses’ Health Study 3 (N=3116)
| Change in menstrual characteristics | SARS-CoV-2 infection |
COVID-19 vaccination |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uninfected OR (95% CI) n=2767 |
0–6 mo from infection OR (95% CI) n=56 |
7–9 mo from infection OR (95% CI) n=130 |
>9 mo from infection OR (95% CI) n=159 |
Unvaccinated OR (95% CI) n=281 |
0–6 mo from vaccination OR (95% CI) n=392 |
7–9 mo from vaccination OR (95% CI) n=1541 |
>9 mo from vaccination OR (95% CI) n=641 |
|
| Change in cycle length or regularity | ||||||||
| Any change | Ref (1.0) | 0.52 (0.30–0.90) | 1.06 (0.71–1.60) | 0.88 (0.62–1.24) | Ref (1.0) | 1.32 (0.93–1.87) | 1.06 (0.80–1.42) | 1.01 (0.74–1.39) |
| Change in cycle length | ||||||||
| Any change | Ref (1.0) | 0.75 (0.43–1.31) | 0.93 (0.65–1.34) | 0.92 (0.66–1.27) | Ref (1.0) | 1.40 (1.02–1.92) | 1.30 (0.99–1.69) | 1.20 (0.89–1.61) |
| Change in cycle lengtha | ||||||||
| Shorter | Ref (1.0) | 0.56 (0.28–1.15) | 0.91 (0.59–1.40) | 1.03 (0.71–1.48) | Ref (1.0) | 1.26 (0.87–1.80) | 1.23 (0.91–1.66) | 1.10 (0.79–1.54) |
| Longer | Ref (1.0) | 1.13 (0.56–2.29) | 0.94 (0.58–1.54) | 0.72 (0.44–1.18) | Ref (1.0) | 1.67 (1.05–2.64) | 1.43 (0.96–2.14) | 1.41 (0.91–2.18) |
| Change in cycle regularity | ||||||||
| Any change | Ref (1.0) | 0.70 (0.41–1.21) | 0.97 (0.67–1.39) | 0.94 (0.68–1.31) | Ref (1.0) | 0.88 (0.64–1.20) | 0.84 (0.65–1.10) | 0.85 (0.64–1.14) |
| Change in cycle regularitya | ||||||||
| More regular | Ref (1.0) | 0.61 (0.29–1.26) | 0.97 (0.60–1.54) | 0.81 (0.52–1.24) | Ref (1.0) | 0.89 (0.60–1.33) | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 0.81 (0.56–1.16) |
| Less regular | Ref (1.0) | 0.81 (0.43–1.52) | 0.96 (0.63–1.47) | 1.04 (0.71–1.53) | Ref (1.0) | 0.83 (0.57–1.21) | 0.78 (0.57–1.07) | 0.88 (0.62–1.24) |
Change in cycle characteristics was defined by change in 3 categories: cycle regularity ([i] very regular [±3 days], [2] regular [within 5–7 days], or [3] usually irregular or always irregular or no period) and cycle length ([1] <26 days, [2] 26–31 days, or [3] ≥32 days). Models were adjusted for age at baseline, follow-up time, body mass index at end of follow-up, weight change, race and ethnicity, educational attainment, region, and mutually adjusting for SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Of note, 742 hormonal contraception users at MOD2 were excluded from analysis; 4 participants were missing date of infection; and 261 participants were missing date of vaccination.
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference.
Wang. COVID-19 infection and vaccination and menstrual cycle changes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022.
Multinomial logistic model.