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. 2022 Jul 13;29:343–353. doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.07.005

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© 2022 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Canonical pathway and upstream analysis

(A) Top 15 activated canonical signaling pathways in COVID-19 mRNA identified using Ingenuity pathway analysis. (B) Heatmap of gene expression as calculated through RNA-seq involved in the interferon signaling pathway of the samples. (C) Top 15 activated canonical pathways in miRNA-targeted mRNA expressions. (D) Heatmap of gene expression of miRNA-targeted mRNA expressions involved in the interferon signaling pathway of the samples. (E) Top 20 activated upstream regulators. (F) Top 20 inhibited upstream regulators. PD-1, programmed death-1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; TREM1, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1; PKR, protein kinase R; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase.