Table 2.
Factors associated with severe Covid-19 outcomes in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection
| Odds ratio (95%CI) for severe Covid-19 outcomes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Admissionh | Oxygeni | Ventilationi | Deathi | ||
| Age | /year | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) |
| Gender | Male | 0.98 (0.68–1.40) | 0.76 (0.47–1.23) | 0.88 (0.51–1.53) | 0.87 (0.48–1.55) |
| Ethnicitya | Asian/other | 0.77 (0.49–1.21) | 0.71 (0.40–1.26) | 0.68 (0.34–1.34) | 0.76 (0.37–1.57) |
| Black | 0.59 (0.38–0.92) | 0.41 (0.22–0.75) | 0.59 (0.30–1.15) | 0.66 (0.32–1.35) | |
| Diabetes | 1.73 (1.20–2.48) | 2.17 (1.32–3.56) | 1.31 (0.75–2.29) | 1.16 (0.64–2.09) | |
| Immune suppressionb | 2.42 (1.55–3.77) | 2.74 (1.52–4.93) | 1.49 (0.74–3.01) | 1.17 (0.53–2.58) | |
| Prior SARS-CoV-2c | 0.64 (0.38–1.09) | 0.81 (0.41–1.62) | 1.24 (0.62–2.50) | 1.07 (0.50–2.31) | |
| Time periodd | Weeks 3–4 | 1.08 (0.64–1.81) | 1.00 (0.51–1.95) | 1.17 (0.50–2.73) | 1.12 (0.46–2.72) |
| Weeks 5–6 | 0.80 (0.44–1.44) | 0.60 (0.27–1.30) | 1.03 (0.41–2.61) | 1.03 (0.39–2.74) | |
| Vaccinatione | One | 0.64 (0.28–1.48) | 0.76 (0.26–2.24) | 1.20 (0.34–4.20) | 1.09 (0.27–4.34) |
| Two | 0.61 (0.38–0.98) | 0.62 (0.33–1.16) | 0.96 (0.44–2.08) | 0.99 (0.43–2.25) | |
| Three | 0.30 (0.17–0.50) | 0.34 (0.17–0.69) | 0.66 (0.29–1.51) | 0.72 (0.30–1.73) | |
| Three (ref Two) | 0.49 (0.31–0.75) | 0.56 (0.31–0.99) | 0.69 (0.36–1.30) | 0.73 (0.37–1.42) | |
| Vaccination (per dose)f | 0.69 (0.58–0.81) | 0.71 (0.57–0.89) | 0.86 (0.67–1.12) | 0.89 (0.68–1.17) | |
| Vaccination (months since)g | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 1.08 (1.00–1.18) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) | |
Odds ratio (95% CI) by multivariable logistic regression model, adjusted for all variables shown.
Clinical outcomes are ‘all cause’, not specifically due to Covid-19.
Vaccination status considered to change after the 7th post dose day.
Boldface indicates confidence interval not including 1.
Reference ethnicity White.
Any immune suppression treatment including steroids, tacrolimus, mycophenolate, azathioprine, cytotoxic and biologic agents.
PCR positive at least 90 days prior to the current infection.
Reference time period weeks 1–2.
Vaccination reference group: none (unvaccinated) except where stated.
Vaccination as number of doses (linear effect, 0 = unvaccinated).
Vaccination as time since last vaccine dose (unvaccinated excluded).
Within 14 days of positive PCR.
Within 28 days of positive PCR.